Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which parameter measures the risk of unauthorized disclosure harming stakeholders' interests?
Which parameter measures the risk of unauthorized disclosure harming stakeholders' interests?
- Compliance
- Integrity
- Confidentiality (correct)
- Availability
What is the primary goal of risk management within an organization?
What is the primary goal of risk management within an organization?
- To increase operational costs effectively
- To comply strictly with regulations
- To eliminate all potential risks
- To ensure that uncertainty does not hinder business goals (correct)
What type of risk is associated with the quality or corruption of information?
What type of risk is associated with the quality or corruption of information?
- Integrity (correct)
- Availability
- Confidentiality
- Legality
Which of the following actions is NOT part of the risk management process?
Which of the following actions is NOT part of the risk management process?
In the context of risk management, what constitutes a risk?
In the context of risk management, what constitutes a risk?
Which parameter assesses the risk that information may not be accessible to intended users when needed?
Which parameter assesses the risk that information may not be accessible to intended users when needed?
What can happen to an organization that fails to manage its risks effectively?
What can happen to an organization that fails to manage its risks effectively?
What can be a consequence of viewing PDPA compliance merely as a legal exercise?
What can be a consequence of viewing PDPA compliance merely as a legal exercise?
What characterizes leadership complacency regarding PDPA compliance?
What characterizes leadership complacency regarding PDPA compliance?
Which of the following issues can result from improper training in an organization?
Which of the following issues can result from improper training in an organization?
What impact does lack of oversight of third parties have on PDPA compliance?
What impact does lack of oversight of third parties have on PDPA compliance?
Disjointed practices within an organization can lead to which of the following outcomes?
Disjointed practices within an organization can lead to which of the following outcomes?
What is the primary purpose of a data classification policy?
What is the primary purpose of a data classification policy?
Which element is NOT typically associated with a data classification policy?
Which element is NOT typically associated with a data classification policy?
When developing a data classification policy, who should be responsible for classifying data?
When developing a data classification policy, who should be responsible for classifying data?
What is a key factor to consider for each data classification level?
What is a key factor to consider for each data classification level?
How should protection measures correspond with data classification levels?
How should protection measures correspond with data classification levels?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed level of data classification?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed level of data classification?
What role does data classification play in incident and security management procedures?
What role does data classification play in incident and security management procedures?
Which type of solutions should the information security requirements include?
Which type of solutions should the information security requirements include?
What is one of the main benefits of a well-planned data classification policy?
What is one of the main benefits of a well-planned data classification policy?
What is an organization required to ensure when outsourcing data processing to a data intermediary?
What is an organization required to ensure when outsourcing data processing to a data intermediary?
What should an organization consider if a potential data intermediary is based outside of Singapore?
What should an organization consider if a potential data intermediary is based outside of Singapore?
How should access to personal data be controlled within an organization?
How should access to personal data be controlled within an organization?
What can lead to a failure to comply with the Protection Obligation?
What can lead to a failure to comply with the Protection Obligation?
What must organizations verify regarding personal data disclosures?
What must organizations verify regarding personal data disclosures?
What should an organization's policy concerning personal data retention align with?
What should an organization's policy concerning personal data retention align with?
What type of risks are associated with involvement from third-party service vendors?
What type of risks are associated with involvement from third-party service vendors?
Which of the following is a common violation seen in enforcement decisions regarding the Protection Obligation?
Which of the following is a common violation seen in enforcement decisions regarding the Protection Obligation?
What is critical for organizations to ensure when disposing of personal data?
What is critical for organizations to ensure when disposing of personal data?
Which of the following best describes the consequences of a lack of defined data classification policies?
Which of the following best describes the consequences of a lack of defined data classification policies?
What is a primary reason for the failures when engaging data intermediaries?
What is a primary reason for the failures when engaging data intermediaries?
Which scenario exemplifies a failure due to insufficient data security measures by a data intermediary?
Which scenario exemplifies a failure due to insufficient data security measures by a data intermediary?
What continuous obligation does an organisation have when outsourcing data processing to a data intermediary?
What continuous obligation does an organisation have when outsourcing data processing to a data intermediary?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to watch out for when engaging data intermediaries?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to watch out for when engaging data intermediaries?
What is a potential risk involved in the electronic processing of personal data?
What is a potential risk involved in the electronic processing of personal data?
Which of the following indicates inadequate oversight by an organisation over a data intermediary?
Which of the following indicates inadequate oversight by an organisation over a data intermediary?
What consequence may arise from a poor contract with a data intermediary?
What consequence may arise from a poor contract with a data intermediary?
Which of the following should be a standard practice for an organisation using data intermediaries?
Which of the following should be a standard practice for an organisation using data intermediaries?
What does the Protection Obligation entail for an organisation when engaging a data intermediary?
What does the Protection Obligation entail for an organisation when engaging a data intermediary?
Which of the following practices should be avoided by data intermediary staff?
Which of the following practices should be avoided by data intermediary staff?
What are the three industry-recognized parameters of impact when data is compromised?
What are the three industry-recognized parameters of impact when data is compromised?
Why is data classification important? (Select all that apply)
Why is data classification important? (Select all that apply)
What is risk management? (Select all that apply)
What is risk management? (Select all that apply)
What are the 4 categories of risk?
What are the 4 categories of risk?
What is the Transfer Limitation Obligation under the PDPA?
What is the Transfer Limitation Obligation under the PDPA?
What are the possible risks or outcomes for failing to comply with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
What are the possible risks or outcomes for failing to comply with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
In the context of risk management, what is a threat (select all that apply)?
In the context of risk management, what is a threat (select all that apply)?
In the context of risk management, which of the following are examples of vulnerabilities? (Select all that apply)
In the context of risk management, which of the following are examples of vulnerabilities? (Select all that apply)
A threat is something with the potential to do harm.
A threat is something with the potential to do harm.
A vulnerability is a weakness, gap, or shortcoming that can be exploited by a threat – in other words, it can lead to a potentially harmful situation.
A vulnerability is a weakness, gap, or shortcoming that can be exploited by a threat – in other words, it can lead to a potentially harmful situation.
Which of the following statements about data classification are true? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements about data classification are true? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of instances of non-compliance with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of instances of non-compliance with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of instances of non-compliance with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of instances of non-compliance with the PDPA? (Select all that apply)
What should a company look out for when engaging a data intermediary? (Select all that apply)
What should a company look out for when engaging a data intermediary? (Select all that apply)
What is the difference between a 'cyber security incident' and a 'personal data breach'?
What is the difference between a 'cyber security incident' and a 'personal data breach'?
A risk assessment framework – also known as ‘risk rating/scoring’ – is a technique used to rate each individual risk based on a combination of which of the following factors?
A risk assessment framework – also known as ‘risk rating/scoring’ – is a technique used to rate each individual risk based on a combination of which of the following factors?
What are the responsibilities of the DPO, after the risks have been ranked?
What are the responsibilities of the DPO, after the risks have been ranked?
In some organizations, the PDPA Project Team and senior management are the same group of people or have a significant degree of overlap. In larger organizations, how does the PDPA Project Team typically relate to senior management?
In some organizations, the PDPA Project Team and senior management are the same group of people or have a significant degree of overlap. In larger organizations, how does the PDPA Project Team typically relate to senior management?
What events should the DPO follow after the risk ranking report has been compiled? (Select all that apply)
What events should the DPO follow after the risk ranking report has been compiled? (Select all that apply)
Flashcards
Confidentiality (C)
Confidentiality (C)
The risk of unauthorized or inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information.
Integrity (I)
Integrity (I)
The risk of information becoming corrupted or inaccurate.
Availability (A)
Availability (A)
The risk of information not being accessible when and where it's needed.
Risk Management
Risk Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Objective of Risk Management
Objective of Risk Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Risk
Risk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Risk in PDPA Compliance
Risk in PDPA Compliance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Classification
Data Classification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Classification Policy
Data Classification Policy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Access Control
Access Control
Signup and view all the flashcards
Consistent Data Classification
Consistent Data Classification
Signup and view all the flashcards
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Risk Management in PDPA Compliance
Risk Management in PDPA Compliance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Information Security Requirements
Information Security Requirements
Signup and view all the flashcards
Digital and Non-Digital Solutions
Digital and Non-Digital Solutions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Outsourcing and Data Security
Outsourcing and Data Security
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediary Location Risk
Data Intermediary Location Risk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Need-to-Know Access
Need-to-Know Access
Signup and view all the flashcards
Employee Negligence and Data Protection
Employee Negligence and Data Protection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Authorized and Non-Excessive Disclosure
Authorized and Non-Excessive Disclosure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Retention Policy
Data Retention Policy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secure Data Disposal
Secure Data Disposal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediaries and External Risks
Data Intermediaries and External Risks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Protection Obligation Violations
Protection Obligation Violations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediaries and Data Security Challenges
Data Intermediaries and Data Security Challenges
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ignoring PDPA Compliance
Ignoring PDPA Compliance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Poor Employee Training on PDPA
Poor Employee Training on PDPA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Disjointed Data Practices
Disjointed Data Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
Leadership Complacency on PDPA
Leadership Complacency on PDPA
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neglecting Third-Party Data Security
Neglecting Third-Party Data Security
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediary's Role
Data Intermediary's Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediary's Obligations
Data Intermediary's Obligations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Governance Principles for Data Intermediaries
Governance Principles for Data Intermediaries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediary Hack
Data Intermediary Hack
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unauthorized Disclosure by a Data Intermediary
Unauthorized Disclosure by a Data Intermediary
Signup and view all the flashcards
Data Intermediary Staff Device Use
Data Intermediary Staff Device Use
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insufficient Data Intermediary Security
Insufficient Data Intermediary Security
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incomplete Data Intermediary Contract
Incomplete Data Intermediary Contract
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lack of Data Intermediary Oversight
Lack of Data Intermediary Oversight
Signup and view all the flashcards
Organization's Responsibility for Data Intermediary Processing
Organization's Responsibility for Data Intermediary Processing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Key Takeaways from Identifying and Assessing Risks
- Senior management should understand and regularly review risks.
- Identify data protection and information security risks within each department's business processes.
- Assess risks related to data intermediaries and regulatory requirements.
- Establish a baseline of vulnerabilities, gaps, and exposures to data protection risks.
- Escalate key issues to senior management for designing a risk-based DPMP implementation strategy.
Introduction to Risk and Risk Management
- Senior management must understand risks, and regularly review them to consider changes in business models, regulations, technology or other factors.
- Four general categories of risk: financial (processes of the company), strategic (achievement of company objectives), operational (organisation processes), and compliance (legal and ethical).
- Data protection has implications for all four categories.
- Risks for personal data: Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Confidentiality risks are about unauthorised or inappropriate disclosure. Integrity, concerns the risk to the quality and corruption of information. Availability, is about the risk if the data is not available for the intended users.
Risks Relating to the DP and DNC Provisions
- Risks related to non-compliance with the PDPA (Personal Data Protection Act), including meeting eleven obligations and DNC provisions.
- Instances of non-compliance include consent issues, notification issues, purpose limitations, accuracy concerns, retention limitations, protection issues, access and correction problems, transfer limitations, accountability lapses, data portability problems and data breach notifications.
- Example of DNC provisions failure: not checking the relevant DNC registry before sending a marketing message.
Risks Relating to Business Processes
- Risks concerning non-compliance with the PDPA, business processes, third-party vendors and electronic data processing.
- Potential issues relate to whether data collection is authorized, the appropriate level of data collection, sensitive data collection and security, and processes for handling personal data.
- Organisation needs to be aware and to comply with rules and regulations of data handling/ collection/ use/ disposal.
- Key questions to identify gaps: Whether the organisation is collecting more personal data than necessary, whether the data is being processed in a reasonable manner, whether there are any secondary purposes for which personal data is used, and whether personal data is of a sensitive nature.
Risks Relating to Data Intermediaries
- Risks involving third-party vendors or service providers.
- Organizations need to make reasonable security arrangements.
- Failures related to IT systems hacking and data loss or theft of devices containing personal data.
- Contractual issues, insufficient information security controls in the intermediaries IT system, and lack of oversight need to be considered.
Risks Relating to Electronic Processing of Personal Data
- Risks related to electronic data processing include those concerning cyber-security incidents, and personal data breaches.
- Examples: malware attacks, unauthorized access, loss or theft of devices with data, software/program code failures.
The Seven Common Mistakes Made by Organisations
- Insufficient data protection measures.
- Inadequate information or physical security measures.
- Disjointed practices in the organisation, especially between different departments.
- Poor employee training on data protection rules and procedures.
- Lack of oversight of third parties (e.g. data intermediaries).
- Lack of leadership action/complacency on data protection.
- Physical security or data security lapses.
Assessing Measuring Risks and Ranking Them
- Organisation needs to assess the likelihood of a risk occurring and the impact if the risk occurs.
- Use risk assessment frameworks to rate risks.
- Assign numbers (i.e., a likelihood scale and an impact scale) to each risk, which are then multiplied to arrive at a risk ranking score.
Next Steps after Ranking Risks
- The DPO should provide sufficient assistance to the organisation's departments to fulfil requirements for building a data inventory, risk assessment and risk ranking.
- DPO needs to collate and prioritise the risks, and summarise them for senior management's review and approval.
- Senior management need to be involved in the data protection compliance process.
- Engage senior management regularly, and update them about the DPMP's evolution
- Ensure the right level of priority and resources is given to data protection.
- Regular monitoring of personal data protection risks.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.