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Questions and Answers
What does societal risk estimate?
What does societal risk estimate?
What does cost-benefit analysis (CBA) assist duty holders with?
What does cost-benefit analysis (CBA) assist duty holders with?
Which is a characteristic of pure risk?
Which is a characteristic of pure risk?
What is the primary goal of safety and health programs?
What is the primary goal of safety and health programs?
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What does preliminary hazard analysis primarily evaluate?
What does preliminary hazard analysis primarily evaluate?
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What are the three broad categories identified in David Yates' theory for quantifying accident causes?
What are the three broad categories identified in David Yates' theory for quantifying accident causes?
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Who is responsible for conducting an incident investigation?
Who is responsible for conducting an incident investigation?
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According to Petersen's theory, what are the main causes of accidents/incidents?
According to Petersen's theory, what are the main causes of accidents/incidents?
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What does vicarious liability refer to?
What does vicarious liability refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?
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The Peter Principle suggests which of the following concepts?
The Peter Principle suggests which of the following concepts?
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What is the primary goal of Fail Safe Operational design?
What is the primary goal of Fail Safe Operational design?
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What does a Z score indicate in statistical analysis?
What does a Z score indicate in statistical analysis?
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Which standard is specifically focused on improving OSH management systems?
Which standard is specifically focused on improving OSH management systems?
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What is the primary purpose of Poka Yoke?
What is the primary purpose of Poka Yoke?
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Which of the following steps is NOT part of the general process of risk assessment?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the general process of risk assessment?
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Which risk analysis technique examines responses to challenges?
Which risk analysis technique examines responses to challenges?
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What is the main objective of safety and health programs?
What is the main objective of safety and health programs?
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Which type of insurance covers losses due to catastrophic events?
Which type of insurance covers losses due to catastrophic events?
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What type of risk is characterized by a lack of possibility for financial gain?
What type of risk is characterized by a lack of possibility for financial gain?
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What concept is exemplified by David Yates' Human Factors Theory?
What concept is exemplified by David Yates' Human Factors Theory?
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Which analysis technique focuses on identifying specific causes of a top-level event?
Which analysis technique focuses on identifying specific causes of a top-level event?
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Which of the following describes a tangible cost?
Which of the following describes a tangible cost?
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What is the primary goal of risk management in an organization?
What is the primary goal of risk management in an organization?
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What does risk homeostasis refer to?
What does risk homeostasis refer to?
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What does ALARP stand for in risk management?
What does ALARP stand for in risk management?
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Which of the following best describes mutually exclusive events?
Which of the following best describes mutually exclusive events?
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Which of the following is an example of a speculative risk?
Which of the following is an example of a speculative risk?
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Which analysis is described as top-down and based on premises?
Which analysis is described as top-down and based on premises?
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What is a key feature of dynamic risk assessments?
What is a key feature of dynamic risk assessments?
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What is an example of an intangible cost?
What is an example of an intangible cost?
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What does ASTM stand for?
What does ASTM stand for?
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What kind of controls are educational controls considered?
What kind of controls are educational controls considered?
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Which of the following best describes the Peter Principle?
Which of the following best describes the Peter Principle?
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What is the primary purpose of an indemnification agreement?
What is the primary purpose of an indemnification agreement?
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What does a Z-score determine in statistics?
What does a Z-score determine in statistics?
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What is a characteristic of fail-safe passive systems?
What is a characteristic of fail-safe passive systems?
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What does Poka Yoke refer to?
What does Poka Yoke refer to?
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Which of the following represents the Pareto Principle?
Which of the following represents the Pareto Principle?
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What is the goal of ranking departments by composite score in risk management?
What is the goal of ranking departments by composite score in risk management?
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What does ANSI/AIHA Z10 help to establish?
What does ANSI/AIHA Z10 help to establish?
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Study Notes
Dynamic Risk Assessments
- Workers in emergency services, trades, care, retail, and security use dynamic risk assessments
- These assessments are for rapidly changing situations
Formal Hazard Analysis
- Two types: inductive and deductive
- Inductive (bottom-up): future, hypothetical, based on experience (e.g., FEMA, FEMCA, FHA)
- Deductive (top-down): future behavior from premises (e.g., FTA, Fishbone, General to Specific)
Cost Types
- Tangible costs: easily seen, e.g., products, employee salaries, maintenance
- Intangible costs: indirect costs, later effects, e.g., risk
Risk Management
- Definition: reducing or eliminating adverse risk effects for an organization
- Risk homeostasis: comparing perceived and target risk levels, adjusting to minimize discrepancies
- System availability: an item's operable and committable state
Analysis Techniques
- Fault tree analysis: deductive, starts with a top-level event, determining causes
- No single method completely evaluates a product
Control Measures
- Examples include hazard avoidance, design changes to eliminate hazards, limiting exposure, providing personal protective equipment (PPE), and warning signals
Risk Management Process
- Key steps: hazard identification, assessment, control development, decision-making, implementation, supervision, evaluation
- Types of controls: educational, physical, avoidance
Insurance
- Reinsurance: primary and secondary insurer agreement to cover risks
- Retrocession: risk or insurance amount a company chooses not to retain
Human Factors Theory
- Accident causes categorized as overload, worker response, and activities (David Yates' theory)
- Front-line supervisors conduct incident investigations
- Accident/incident cause is human error and/or system failure (Petersen's theory)
Vicarious Liability
- Legal relationship for injury liability to a person not the cause of the act
Risk Communication
- Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication (Covello and Allen 1988): accept, plan, listen, be honest, work with sources, meet needs of media, and speak with compassion
System Safety
- Fail-safe passive: equipment stops when fails, e.g., circuit breakers
- Fail-safe active: emergency systems continue functioning during failure, e.g., emergency lights
- Fail-safe operational: safety-prioritized design, e.g., feed water valve, copilot
Statistical Concepts
- Z-score: a score's position in a normal distribution; percentage of area under the curve
- T-test: comparing population means (typically with less than 30 samples)
- Chi square: measures "goodness of fit" between observed and expected frequencies; often used with frequency tables
- Standard deviation: measures data dispersion; 1SD, 2SD, 3SD encompass different percentages of the data around the mean
Poka Yoke
- Japanese term: mistake-proofing, inadvertent error prevention
Process Safety Management
- ANSI/AIHA Z10: standard for implementing OSH management systems to improve employee safety
Criteria for Controls
- Support: resources (personnel, equipment)
- Standards: clear, practical, specific guidance
- Training: knowledge and skills; adequate training to implement controls
- Leadership: competent managers and supervisors; competent for implementation
- Individual: independent, self-disciplined employees
Risk Categories
- Pure risk: uncontrollable; loss or no loss, no financial gain (e.g., fires, floods)
- Speculative risk: voluntary; potential profit or loss (e.g., gambling)
Safety and Health Programs
- Goal: prevent injuries, illnesses, and deaths; reduce financial hardship (reduce costs, safety/health, social responsibility, and productivity)
- Focus on proactive, process-management, ongoing improvement (evaluation)
Dynamic Risk Assessments
- Used by emergency, trade, care, retail, and security workers
Formal Hazard Analysis
- Methods: inductive (bottom-up) and deductive (top-down) analysis
Cost Classification
- Tangible costs: easily seen (e.g., products, labor)
- Intangible costs: difficult to see (e.g., risks)
Berlo's Model
- Source -- Message -- Channel -- Receiver
System Availability
- Degree of operability and committability of an item
Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events
- Independent: don't affect the probability of each other
- Mutually exclusive: cannot happen at the same time
Analysis Techniques
- Fault tree analysis: deductive, starting with a top-level event
- System hazard analysis: formal analysis of a system and its relationships, identification of hazards
- Common cause failure analysis: single events or causes common to multiple components
- Sneak circuit analysis: unintentional energy routes
- Preliminary hazard analysis: conducts initial risk evaluation
Failure Rate and Success Rate
- Failure rate: failures / attempts
- Success rate: successes / attempts
Human Factors Theory
- Classify accident causes into: overload, inappropriate worker response, inappropriate activity
Incident Investigation
- Front-line supervisors are responsible
Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory
- Human error or system failure causes accidents/incidents
Vicarious Liability
- Legal relationship where a person can be held liable for the actions of another
Risk Communication Rules
- Key rules in effective communication
Risk Calculation
- Formulas for calculating costs and benefits
Experience Modification Rate
- Rate less than 1 is considered very good; measures industry experience
Behavior-Based Safety Process
- Steps for implementing Behavior-Based Safety
Modern Management Theory
- Consequences must be positive or negative, immediate or future, certain or uncertain
ISO 19011 Principles
- Seven principles in auditing (e.g., integrity, due professional care)
Insurance
- Occurrence insurance (covers policy period incidents)
- Claims-made insurance (covers incidents when claim is reported)
- Reinsurance (between primary and secondary insurers)
Miscellaneous
- Acronyms (ASTM, ANSI, NFPA, IARC)
Risk Management and Controls
- Ranking departments by composite scores to allocate funds for greatest risk reduction
- ABCs of Behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Criteria for Controls
- Support for controls, adequate supplies
- Standards, adequate training
- Training, competent managers and supervisors
- Leadership
Risk Assessment
- Steps in risk assessment; identify hazards, decide on affected groups, assess them, record, and review results. (NIOSH, EPA)
Risk Assessment Applications
- Generic, specific, and dynamic risk assessments are used.
- Dynamic: continuous process of identifying hazards, assessing risk, and taking action.
Other Concepts
- Definitions of descriptive epidemiology, ASTM, ANSI, NFPA, IARC
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Description
Explore various methods and concepts in dynamic risk assessments, formal hazard analysis, cost types, and overall risk management strategies. This quiz covers essential techniques such as fault tree analysis and the principles of risk homeostasis. Test your understanding of these critical topics in organizational safety.
