Risk and Resilience in Development

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor in child development, according to the provided text?

War
Exposure to negative environments
Stable family environment (correct)
Natural disasters

What is a key characteristic of resilience in children?

Showing no signs of vulnerability to risk factors.
Experiencing only positive outcomes.
Having a strong genetic predisposition towards success.
Achieving positive outcomes despite facing significant risks. (correct)

The research by Werner and Smith on children in Hawaii demonstrated that:

Risk factors are always more impactful than protective factors.
Even children facing multiple risks can develop successfully. (correct)
Poverty and low parental education guarantee unsuccessful outcomes for children.
All children exposed to risk factors will experience negative outcomes.

What is a key difference between risk and vulnerable factors in child development?

Risk factors are external, while vulnerable factors are internal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the death of a parent is considered a traumatic event for children?

It represents a permanent loss and separation from a primary caregiver. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does Garmezy's research on children with mentally ill parents contribute to the understanding of resilience?

It demonstrates that children can thrive even when facing significant adversity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a protective factor in child development?

A history of trauma and neglect. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the concept of 'risk and resilience' in child development?

Children can develop successfully despite facing significant challenges. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a moderator in the context of risk and resilience?

A moderator explains the interaction between a risk factor and protective/vulnerability factors, determining the impact on resilience. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a personal characteristic that can act as a protective factor?

Social support network (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between moderator effect models and main effects models in terms of how they relate to risk and resilience?

Moderator effects models investigate the interaction between risk and protective/vulnerability factors influencing resilience, while main effects models examine the direct effect of protective/vulnerability factors on resilience in high-risk populations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main categories of programs used to address resilience in interventions?

Risk-focused, Asset-focused, and Process-oriented (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is comparing a student's performance to others in a classroom detrimental to self-confidence?

It encourages unhealthy competition and disregards individual strengths and needs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'self-worth protection' as described in the text?

A defense mechanism students use to protect their self-esteem by lowering their effort in school. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a qualitatively different path of development, such as a disability?

Developmental Difference (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a vulnerability factor?

Supportive family relationships (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Williams syndrome?

Specific language impairment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Human Genome Project?

Mapping the entire structure of human DNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion drawn from the study of social competence in combination with resilience?

Resilience can only be determined through a comprehensive assessment of social competence across various domains. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of bullying?

Aggressive behavior that occurs repeatedly and involves an imbalance of power. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism?

Presence of language delay (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do protective factors differ from vulnerability factors?

Protective factors promote positive adaptation, while vulnerability factors impede it. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive reinforcement for school refusal?

Being allowed to stay home and play video games (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between risk factors and resilience?

Risk factors can be overcome by strong protective factors, leading to resilience. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of eye-tracking methodology in studying atypical development?

To understand a child's focus and attention (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between developmental delay and developmental difference?

Developmental delay involves a slower pace of development, while developmental difference involves a different path of development. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a risk-focused program designed to promote resilience?

Enhancing existing strengths and resources in a child's life. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an external support system?

Supportive relationships with teachers. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ethical risk associated with the Human Genome Project?

All of the above. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of children with Williams syndrome?

Strong social communication skills (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the concept of 'streber' in Eastern cultures?

It is considered a positive trait that reflects hard work and ambition. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main hypothesis that explains the social communication difficulties experienced by individuals with autism?

Theory of mind hypothesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of process-oriented programs aimed at promoting resilience?

Building strong relationships and improving social competence. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of studying atypical development?

To develop effective treatments and interventions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that determines resilience?

It is a combination of a child's personality traits and their environment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of comparing a child's performance on a standardized test with the performance of their peers?

To identify children with intellectual disabilities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'lexical development' refer to?

The development of language skills (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of school refusal, according to Kearney?

Accessing enjoyable activities at home. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'negative reinforcement' in the context of school refusal?

Removing something the child dislikes to stop the behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'theory of mind hypothesis' in relation to autism?

The difficulty understanding that others have different thoughts and feelings (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'Human Genome Project' in understanding atypical development?

It revealed the relatively small number of human genes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central coherence hypothesis in relation to autism?

The tendency to process information globally and contextually. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of children diagnosed with ADHD?

Impulsivity and hyperactivity interrupting their daily activities. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does joint attention have on children with autism?

It promotes social skills and communication development. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of ADHD is related to executive functions?

Struggle with inhibitory control and self-monitoring. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model, what does the microsystem refer to?

The environment the child experiences directly, such as family and school. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk factor in a child's environment that could influence development?

Emotional disturbances and conflicts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are children with visual impairments considered to have atypical developments?

They lack normal visual input which alters their learning pathways. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic trait of children with visual impairments in their social interactions?

They utilize non-visual forms of interaction, like touch. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does a lack of sensory input, like sight, affect a child's communication skills?

It limits their capacity for social interaction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is part of the joint attention process?

Deliberately focusing on a shared object with another person. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the exosystem layer in Bronfenbrenner's model?

The setting affecting the child, even if they are not directly involved. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted symptom of ADHD that persists throughout life?

Inability to control time management effectively. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does the macrosystem play in influencing a child's development?

It involves large-scale societal factors like laws and values. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by blind children in terms of language acquisition?

They find it difficult to learn written language due to lack of visual input. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly linked to an increased risk of negative outcomes for children?

Social media use (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is most at risk for negative outcomes, specifically due to parental conflict?

Children of divorced parents with high levels of conflict (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used in the text to describe the phenomenon where children of divorced parents are more likely to experience relationship difficulties later in life?

Intergenerational cycle of difficulties (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons that children of parents with mental health problems face a higher risk of difficulties?

They are often exposed to stressful events and financial hardship (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parental psychological disturbance is most commonly associated with negative outcomes for children?

Depression (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of child income poverty mentioned in the text?

Increased aggression and bullying (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following life events is NOT mentioned in the text as an example of a stressful event for children?

A family vacation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potential negative effects of growing up in a poor neighborhood?

Exposure to delinquent peers (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the theory that the combined effect of multiple risk factors is worse than the sum of individual risks?

Cumulative risk theory (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was Sameroff's conclusion regarding the significance of quantity of risk factors versus the type of risk factors?

Quantity of risk factors is more important than type (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as described in the text?

Academic performance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Adverse Life Events Scale' measure?

The number of negative life events a child has experienced (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a specific characteristic of risk specificity, as mentioned in the text?

The frequency of exposure to the risk factor (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of developing cumulative risk models?

To predict individual children's risk of experiencing negative outcomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a societal mechanism that can negatively impact children's development?

Discrimination and prejudice (A) Signup and view all the answers

One major difference between catastrophic events and other risk factors is that catastrophic events often involve:

Exposure to traumatic experiences and witnessing atrocities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of strategies for dealing with bullying?

punitive and restorative (A), reactive and preventative (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key differences between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?

Cyberbullying often involves a wider audience. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor that has been linked to bullying?

Increased opportunities for physical activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 'Method of Shared Concern' in addressing bullying?

To teach bullies empathy and remorse (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between school refusal and truancy?

School refusal involves a strong aversion to school, while truancy involves intermittent absence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Restorative Justice' refer to as a strategy for dealing with bullying?

Focusing on repairing the harm caused by bullying (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that bullying can lead to anxiety and depression in victims?

Because victims often feel isolated and ostracized by their peers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of school refuser?

Individuals with oppositional defiant disorder (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of 'Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning' program?

Teaching students about bullying and how to respond to it (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is supervision important in reducing bullying, according to the text?

To provide immediate intervention and address bullying incidents (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'bias bullying' according to the text?

Bullying that is directed at a specific group of people, not individuals (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'Assertiveness Training' in the context of bullying?

To teach students how to stand up for themselves (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is ONE key difference between acute and chronic school refusers?

Acute school refusers have a history of good attendance before refusing school (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'Support Group Method' of addressing bullying?

To use peer pressure to discourage bullying behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'Quality Circles' as a preventative measure against bullying?

To investigate bullying incidents and develop solutions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a strategy for preventing bullying?

Imposing direct sanctions on bullies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Risk in Child Development

Stressors affecting children's development, like poverty or poor upbringing.

Resilience

The ability of children to achieve positive outcomes despite significant risks.