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Questions and Answers
What is the key process that plant cells use chloroplasts for?
What is the key process that plant cells use chloroplasts for?
- Photosynthesis (correct)
- DNA replication
- Protein synthesis
- Cellular respiration
Which structure is unique to plant cells and not present in animal cells?
Which structure is unique to plant cells and not present in animal cells?
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskeleton
- Cell wall (correct)
- Plasma membrane
What function do microtubules serve in animal cells?
What function do microtubules serve in animal cells?
- Photosynthesis
- Organize cell content (correct)
- Synthesize proteins
- Facilitate cellular respiration
What is the primary source of glucose for animal cells?
What is the primary source of glucose for animal cells?
Which organelle is responsible for microtubule nucleation during cell division?
Which organelle is responsible for microtubule nucleation during cell division?
In neurons, what is the primary function of microtubules?
In neurons, what is the primary function of microtubules?
In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with Guanine?
In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with Guanine?
What type of bonds link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?
What type of bonds link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?
Which sugar is found in DNA but not in RNA?
Which sugar is found in DNA but not in RNA?
What process targets histones in Huntington's disease?
What process targets histones in Huntington's disease?
Which groove in the DNA double helix is shallower and narrower?
Which groove in the DNA double helix is shallower and narrower?
What is the most common function of the phosphate group in nucleotides?
What is the most common function of the phosphate group in nucleotides?
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a distinctive feature of prokaryotic cells that aids in their movement?
What is a distinctive feature of prokaryotic cells that aids in their movement?
How does the DNA arrangement in prokaryotic cells differ from that in eukaryotic cells?
How does the DNA arrangement in prokaryotic cells differ from that in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
Which organelle is present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary biological function of microfilaments?
What is the primary biological function of microfilaments?
Which type of intermediate filaments is most common in cells that undergo mechanical stress?
Which type of intermediate filaments is most common in cells that undergo mechanical stress?
In what biological process do actin filaments form a contractile ring around the 'waist' of the cell?
In what biological process do actin filaments form a contractile ring around the 'waist' of the cell?
Which cytoskeletal polymer is the most flexible and can cross-link with microtubules and microfilaments?
Which cytoskeletal polymer is the most flexible and can cross-link with microtubules and microfilaments?
What is the default state of a microfilament when actin monomers are added as quickly as they are removed?
What is the default state of a microfilament when actin monomers are added as quickly as they are removed?
Which disease has been associated with reduced microtubule stability?
Which disease has been associated with reduced microtubule stability?
How do most pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?
How do most pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?
'Treadmilling' is associated with the dynamics of which cytoskeletal component?
'Treadmilling' is associated with the dynamics of which cytoskeletal component?
What is the name of the chemical substance present in the nucleus that controls all the chemical changes in cells and determines cell type and organism produced?
What is the name of the chemical substance present in the nucleus that controls all the chemical changes in cells and determines cell type and organism produced?
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?
Which process involves the movement of the tRNA from the A site to the P site in protein synthesis?
Which process involves the movement of the tRNA from the A site to the P site in protein synthesis?
What happens during translation in protein synthesis?
What happens during translation in protein synthesis?
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?
What feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
What feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
Which characteristic is unique to archaea among prokaryotes?
Which characteristic is unique to archaea among prokaryotes?
What is the function of release factors in protein synthesis termination?
What is the function of release factors in protein synthesis termination?
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
What type of symbiosis describes one organism living inside another?
What type of symbiosis describes one organism living inside another?
What distinguishes unicellular prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What distinguishes unicellular prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What is a major difference between translation and transcription in protein synthesis?
What is a major difference between translation and transcription in protein synthesis?
Which type of metabolism involves using acetate as an electron donor and ferrihydrite as an electron acceptor without fermentation?
Which type of metabolism involves using acetate as an electron donor and ferrihydrite as an electron acceptor without fermentation?
What is a unique characteristic of the RNA complex in Archae body cells?
What is a unique characteristic of the RNA complex in Archae body cells?
What is the key difference in the composition of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the key difference in the composition of DNA between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Which type of cells has ribosomes with a size of 70S?
Which type of cells has ribosomes with a size of 70S?
In the cell cycle, during which phase does DNA replication occur?
In the cell cycle, during which phase does DNA replication occur?
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main form of motility in prokaryotic cells?
What is the main form of motility in prokaryotic cells?
'Okazaki fragments' are primarily involved in which process during DNA replication?
'Okazaki fragments' are primarily involved in which process during DNA replication?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
How does the nucleus control the cell?
How does the nucleus control the cell?
What is the function of histones in chromosomes?
What is the function of histones in chromosomes?
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
What is the relationship between a gene and a sequence of triplets on DNA?
What is the relationship between a gene and a sequence of triplets on DNA?
What happens when a cell divides?
What happens when a cell divides?
How does the genetic code control protein production?
How does the genetic code control protein production?
What is the function of nerve growth factors in nerve cells?
What is the function of nerve growth factors in nerve cells?
Why are chromosomes considered to be made up of DNA and proteins?
Why are chromosomes considered to be made up of DNA and proteins?
What distinguishes one gene from another?
What distinguishes one gene from another?
Why is mRNA transported from the nucleus to the cytosol?
Why is mRNA transported from the nucleus to the cytosol?
What is the main role of cohesins in the cell during mitosis?
What is the main role of cohesins in the cell during mitosis?
During which phase of the cell cycle does a cell stop dividing and enter a resting phase?
During which phase of the cell cycle does a cell stop dividing and enter a resting phase?
What is the main function of the centrosome in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the main function of the centrosome in a eukaryotic cell?
Which statement best describes prometaphase in mitosis?
Which statement best describes prometaphase in mitosis?
What is the specific role of the 16S ribosomal RNA in translation initiation?
What is the specific role of the 16S ribosomal RNA in translation initiation?
In agarose gel electrophoresis, what primarily determines the movement of charged particles within the electric field?
In agarose gel electrophoresis, what primarily determines the movement of charged particles within the electric field?
What is the purpose of loading buffer/dye when preparing DNA samples for gel electrophoresis?
What is the purpose of loading buffer/dye when preparing DNA samples for gel electrophoresis?
What is a key consideration for maintaining sterility inside a biological safety cabinet?
What is a key consideration for maintaining sterility inside a biological safety cabinet?
Which end of the gel is attached to the Cathode (-) during electrophoresis?
Which end of the gel is attached to the Cathode (-) during electrophoresis?
What is a recommended practice when working inside a biological safety cabinet to avoid contamination?
What is a recommended practice when working inside a biological safety cabinet to avoid contamination?
What is the purpose of warming cell culture media and additives to 37˚C in a water bath before using them?
What is the purpose of warming cell culture media and additives to 37˚C in a water bath before using them?
Why must all materials be disinfected with 70% ethanol before starting cell culture procedures?
Why must all materials be disinfected with 70% ethanol before starting cell culture procedures?
What is the consequence of seeding cells at a high cell count/density in cell culture?
What is the consequence of seeding cells at a high cell count/density in cell culture?
During meiosis I, what happens in Anaphase I that distinguishes it from Anaphase in mitosis?
During meiosis I, what happens in Anaphase I that distinguishes it from Anaphase in mitosis?
What is the purpose of using trypan blue in mammalian cell culture and viability staining?
What is the purpose of using trypan blue in mammalian cell culture and viability staining?
What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis that does not happen in mitosis?
What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis that does not happen in mitosis?
How does 100% ethanol treatment affect bacterial cells?
How does 100% ethanol treatment affect bacterial cells?
What happens to live cells with intact membranes when stained with trypan blue?
What happens to live cells with intact membranes when stained with trypan blue?
What is the main difference between Mitosis and Meiosis II?
What is the main difference between Mitosis and Meiosis II?
In metaphase of meiosis where do the homologous chromosomes line up?
In metaphase of meiosis where do the homologous chromosomes line up?
Which stage of cell division marks the transition from a haploid state to a diploid state?
Which stage of cell division marks the transition from a haploid state to a diploid state?
What is the main outcome of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?
What is the main outcome of crossing over during Prophase I of meiosis?
Which organelle is responsible for forming a new cell wall in plant cells during cytokinesis?
Which organelle is responsible for forming a new cell wall in plant cells during cytokinesis?
What is the key challenge in ensuring an equal split between new cells during cell division?
What is the key challenge in ensuring an equal split between new cells during cell division?
What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?
What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?
What is the primary function of the synaptonemal complex during Prophase I of meiosis?
What is the primary function of the synaptonemal complex during Prophase I of meiosis?
What is a distinguishing feature of Meiosis II compared to Meiosis I?
What is a distinguishing feature of Meiosis II compared to Meiosis I?
How do the resulting cells differ after meiosis compared to mitosis?
How do the resulting cells differ after meiosis compared to mitosis?
Which site in the ribosome does the first, empty tRNA drift out from after the peptide bond is formed?
Which site in the ribosome does the first, empty tRNA drift out from after the peptide bond is formed?
What type of codons signal the termination of translation in mRNA?
What type of codons signal the termination of translation in mRNA?
In prokaryotes, what is the main factor that influences the regulation of gene expression?
In prokaryotes, what is the main factor that influences the regulation of gene expression?
Which component of an operon binds to the operator and halts transcription?
Which component of an operon binds to the operator and halts transcription?
In the Lac Operon, what molecule can turn on gene expression by preventing the repressor protein from binding to the operator?
In the Lac Operon, what molecule can turn on gene expression by preventing the repressor protein from binding to the operator?
What is the primary function of the trp operon in E.coli when tryptophan is available in the environment?
What is the primary function of the trp operon in E.coli when tryptophan is available in the environment?
What is the function of the repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene in the trp operon?
What is the function of the repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene in the trp operon?
How are the genes in the trp operon transcribed?
How are the genes in the trp operon transcribed?
What does the Lac Operon turn on when a specific small molecule is present?
What does the Lac Operon turn on when a specific small molecule is present?
What is the role of corepressors in regulating gene expression in repressible operons like Trp Operon?
What is the role of corepressors in regulating gene expression in repressible operons like Trp Operon?
What happens when an inducer molecule binds to a repressor protein in inducible operons like Lac Operon?
What happens when an inducer molecule binds to a repressor protein in inducible operons like Lac Operon?
During transcription, what is the role of promoters on DNA?
During transcription, what is the role of promoters on DNA?
What happens during transcription termination?
What happens during transcription termination?
Which process involves the removal of introns and the splicing of exons in mRNA?
Which process involves the removal of introns and the splicing of exons in mRNA?
What is the function of 5' capping during RNA processing?
What is the function of 5' capping during RNA processing?
What is a key characteristic of tRNA molecules?
What is a key characteristic of tRNA molecules?
Which component of the ribosome holds the tRNA molecule carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain?
Which component of the ribosome holds the tRNA molecule carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain?
What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?
Which stage of protein synthesis involves the assembly of the initiation complex with mRNA and ribosomal subunits?
Which stage of protein synthesis involves the assembly of the initiation complex with mRNA and ribosomal subunits?
What provides the energy for assembling the initiation complex during translation initiation?
What provides the energy for assembling the initiation complex during translation initiation?
What does translation elongation involve?
What does translation elongation involve?
What is the role of splicing during RNA processing?
What is the role of splicing during RNA processing?
What is the function of 'm7G' addition during RNA processing?
What is the function of 'm7G' addition during RNA processing?
What is the function of lacA in the lac operon?
What is the function of lacA in the lac operon?
In prokaryotic transcription initiation, which DNA sequence is essential for starting transcription?
In prokaryotic transcription initiation, which DNA sequence is essential for starting transcription?
What occurs when Rho factor reaches the transcription bubble in Rho-dependent termination?
What occurs when Rho factor reaches the transcription bubble in Rho-dependent termination?
What causes RNA polymerase to stall in Rho-independent termination?
What causes RNA polymerase to stall in Rho-independent termination?
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
What is the composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?
What is the composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?
Which type of termination strategy relies on a stable hairpin structure?
Which type of termination strategy relies on a stable hairpin structure?
Translation elongation is characterized by:
Translation elongation is characterized by:
Transcription initiation in prokaryotes requires:
Transcription initiation in prokaryotes requires:
Translation termination involves:
Translation termination involves:
Study Notes
Plant and Animal Cell Differences
- Chloroplasts in plant cells facilitate photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
- Plant cells possess a cell wall, a feature absent in animal cells.
- Microtubules in animal cells provide structural support, aid in cell shape, and facilitate intracellular transport.
Microtubules and DNA Structure
- The centrosome organizes microtubule nucleation during cell division.
- In neurons, microtubules support structural integrity and facilitate axonal transport.
- Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA interactions.
- Phosphodiester bonds link adjacent nucleotides in the DNA strand.
- Deoxyribose sugar is found in DNA; Ribose is found in RNA.
Genetic and Cellular Processes
- Histone modifications are targeted during Huntington's disease.
- The minor groove of the DNA double helix is shallower and narrower compared to the major groove.
- The phosphate group in nucleotides primarily functions in energy transfer and structural stability.
- Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess them.
Prokaryotic Features
- Prokaryotic cells typically have flagella for movement.
- Prokaryotic DNA is circular and not associated with histones, in contrast to linear, histone-associated eukaryotic DNA.
- Eukaryotic cells contain organelles like mitochondria, which are absent in prokaryotic cells.
Cytoskeletal Components
- Microfilaments serve critical roles in muscle contraction and cellular movement.
- Keratin is a common intermediate filament providing mechanical strength in cells under stress.
- Actin filaments form a contractile ring during cytokinesis.
General Cellular Biology
- Microtubules are the most flexible cytoskeletal polymer, capable of cross-linking with microfilaments.
- The default state of a microfilament is dynamic, undergoing 'treadmilling' based on actin monomer addition and removal.
- Reduced microtubule stability is associated with diseases like Alzheimer's.
- Pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton for entry and replication.
Protein Synthesis and Genetic Code
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.
- The A site to P site transition occurs during translation elongation.
- Transcription and translation differ: transcription synthesizes RNA, while translation builds proteins.
Cell Cycle and Division
- DNA replication occurs during the synthesis phase in the cell cycle.
- The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape and assists in cellular movements.
- Okazaki fragments are crucial for DNA replication on the lagging strand.
Mitosis and Meiosis
- Nerve growth factors promote neuron development and repair.
- Cohesins ensure sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis.
- Crossing over in Prophase I of meiosis promotes genetic diversity.
- During Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate, unlike in mitosis where sister chromatids separate.
Gene Regulation
- In prokaryotes, gene expression is mainly regulated by operons.
- The Lac operon is activated by allolactose, which prevents repressor binding.
- Tryptophan availability controls the trp operon's gene transcription.
RNA Processing and Translation
- Introns are removed, and exons are spliced during RNA processing.
- 5' capping protects mRNA from degradation and facilitates translation initiation.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids and matches them to codons during protein synthesis.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Movement in agarose gel electrophoresis is influenced by the size and charge of DNA fragments.
- Loading buffer is essential for visualizing DNA samples during electrophoresis.
Cell Culture Practices
- Sterility in biological safety cabinets is essential; 70% ethanol is used for disinfection.
- Media warmed to physiological temperature promotes optimal cell culture conditions.
- High cell density can lead to nutrient depletion and waste build-up.
These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts of cell biology, genetics, and molecular processes relevant to the topics addressed.
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Description
This quiz covers the process of protein synthesis by the ribosome, including initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Learn about the steps involved in creating a polypeptide chain.
