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Questions and Answers
What is Ribonucleic Acid?
What is Ribonucleic Acid?
The nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosome. RNA carries out the process which makes proteins from amino acids.
RNA structure is similar to DNA, with a 5 carbon sugar called ______
RNA structure is similar to DNA, with a 5 carbon sugar called ______
ribose
The nitrogenous base thymine is used in RNA.
The nitrogenous base thymine is used in RNA.
False (B)
RNA is double stranded.
RNA is double stranded.
What is accomplished by transcription?
What is accomplished by transcription?
In transcription how is the complementary strand of RNA from DNA created?
In transcription how is the complementary strand of RNA from DNA created?
What genetic information does mRNA carry, and where does it carry it?
What genetic information does mRNA carry, and where does it carry it?
Which of the followings is NOT a type of RNA?
Which of the followings is NOT a type of RNA?
What is the purpose of messenger RNA?
What is the purpose of messenger RNA?
What is the purpose of ribosomal RNA?
What is the purpose of ribosomal RNA?
What is the purpose of transfer RNA?
What is the purpose of transfer RNA?
What is translation?
What is translation?
What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes and has a cruciform shape?
What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes and has a cruciform shape?
What type of RNA makes up a major part of the ribosome?
What type of RNA makes up a major part of the ribosome?
What is an anticodon?
What is an anticodon?
What do ribosomes assemble by making the peptide bonds between the amino acids?
What do ribosomes assemble by making the peptide bonds between the amino acids?
Describe in order, the nature of the genetic code?
Describe in order, the nature of the genetic code?
A what is combination of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA?
A what is combination of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA?
What does each codon specify?
What does each codon specify?
What is AUG?
What is AUG?
What are the stop condons?
What are the stop condons?
What are introns?
What are introns?
What are the types of mutations?
What are the types of mutations?
Gene mutations mutate a [blank] gene.
Gene mutations mutate a [blank] gene.
Point mutations change a single [blank].
Point mutations change a single [blank].
Frameshift mutations shift the groupings by [blank] or [blank] a nucleotide.
Frameshift mutations shift the groupings by [blank] or [blank] a nucleotide.
During what process might mistakes occur?
During what process might mistakes occur?
Mutations are always harmful.
Mutations are always harmful.
The genetic code is as follows: DNA -> mRNA -> ______ -> Protein.
The genetic code is as follows: DNA -> mRNA -> ______ -> Protein.
Which of the following is NOT a chromosomal mutation?
Which of the following is NOT a chromosomal mutation?
Define deletion (as a chromosomal mutation).
Define deletion (as a chromosomal mutation).
Define translocation (as a chromosomal mutation).
Define translocation (as a chromosomal mutation).
Define Nondisjunction (as a chromosomal mutation).
Define Nondisjunction (as a chromosomal mutation).
What does DNA act as to make RNA?
What does DNA act as to make RNA?
What is used by the ribosome to make polypeptides?
What is used by the ribosome to make polypeptides?
All DNA can be turned on (expressed) at the same time.
All DNA can be turned on (expressed) at the same time.
What do operons express?
What do operons express?
What does an Operon consist of?
What does an Operon consist of?
What structures work together on the gene cluster?
What structures work together on the gene cluster?
The operator is a region of DNA in front of the [blank].
The operator is a region of DNA in front of the [blank].
The promoter is a segment of DNA in front of the [blank].
The promoter is a segment of DNA in front of the [blank].
What signal does the Promoter act as for RNA polymerase?
What signal does the Promoter act as for RNA polymerase?
What does the promoter usually have, that triggers the formation of mRNA?
What does the promoter usually have, that triggers the formation of mRNA?
What is the function of repressors?
What is the function of repressors?
What determines which operon the shape of the repressor attaches to?
What determines which operon the shape of the repressor attaches to?
What is bound to by an inducer? What happens?
What is bound to by an inducer? What happens?
What happens when The repressor changes shape and falls off the operator?
What happens when The repressor changes shape and falls off the operator?
Flashcards
RNA
RNA
Nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis using amino acids.
Transcription
Transcription
Creating RNA from a DNA template, using RNA polymerase.
mRNA
mRNA
Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
rRNA
rRNA
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tRNA
tRNA
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RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
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Promoter
Promoter
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Introns
Introns
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Exons
Exons
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Translation
Translation
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Anticodon
Anticodon
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Codon
Codon
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Initiator Sequence
Initiator Sequence
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Stop Codons
Stop Codons
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Mutations
Mutations
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Point Mutation
Point Mutation
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Frameshift Mutation
Frameshift Mutation
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Deletion (Chromosomal)
Deletion (Chromosomal)
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Duplication (Chromosomal)
Duplication (Chromosomal)
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Inversion (Chromosomal)
Inversion (Chromosomal)
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Translocation (Chromosomal)
Translocation (Chromosomal)
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Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
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Operon
Operon
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Gene Cluster
Gene Cluster
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Operator (Operon)
Operator (Operon)
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Promoter (Operon)
Promoter (Operon)
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Repressors
Repressors
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Inducer
Inducer
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Exons (Eukaryotes)
Exons (Eukaryotes)
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Homeotic Genes (Hox)
Homeotic Genes (Hox)
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Study Notes
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) acts as a messenger between DNA and the Ribosome.
- RNA carries out the processes to make proteins from amino acids.
- RNA structure is similar to DNA featuring a 5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- RNA differs from DNA in that uracil replaces thymine.
- RNA is single-stranded (still 5'-3').
- Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA.
- During transcription, one strand of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase.
- mRNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Three Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information from DNA to other parts of the cell.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids.
Transcription
- Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.
- RNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into RNA.
- RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, which are regions of DNA that have specific base sequences.
RNA Editing
- Introns are portions of pre-RNA that are cut out and discarded.
- Exons are the remaining pieces of RNA, which are expressed.
Translation
- Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
- Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes has a cruciform shape.
- Ribosomal RNA makes up a major part of the ribosome.
- The Anticodon, three exposed nucleotides, on tRNA matches up with the correct codon on the mRNA.
- Ribosomes assemble the polypeptide chain by making the peptide bonds between the amino acids.
Protein Synthesis
- The genetic code order: DNA -> mRNA -> Codon -> Protein.
- A codon is a combination of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.
- Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is added to the polypeptide chain. Initiator sequence = AUG (shine-Dalgarno sequence).
- UAA, UAG, and UGA are all stop codons.
Mutations
- Mistakes can occur in genes while duplication the genetic information.
- The mistakes are changes in the genetic material.
- Mutations are not always harmful.
- Gene and chromosomal are the two types of mutations.
- Gene mutations mutate a particular gene and they are caused by a chemical change to DNA.
- Point mutations change a single nucleotide.
- Frameshift mutations shift the groupings by adding or deleting a nucleotide.
- If the mutations occur in an activated protien gene proteins may not be made properly.
Chromosomal Mutations
- Chromosomal mutations mutations affect whole chromosomes, or even sets of chromosomes.
- Chromosomal mutations change the structure or number of chromosomes
- There are five types of chromosomal mutations: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation and nondisjunction.
- Deletion is the loss of a part of a chromosome.
- Duplication is when a segment of DNA is repeated.
- Inversion is when chromosome is oriented in reverse of its normal direction.
- Translocation is when a part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
- Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis and leads to polyploidy, like Down's Syndrome (trisomy 21)
Gene Expression & Regulation in Prokaryotes
- DNA acts as a template to make RNA
- mRNA is used by the ribosome to make polypeptides.
- Not all DNA can be turned on (expressed) at the same time.
- Operons express the gene which is to make proteins, operons are a part of a turned 'on' gene.
- An operon is a segment of DNA, which has several genes that work together.
- The Operon have a gene cluster, an Operator, and a promoter.
- The Gene Cluster has some genes that work together.
- The operator is a region of DNA in front of the gene cluster.
- The promoter is a segment of DNA to the operator and is also a start region for binding of RNA.
- The promoter has an inducer (chemical) which triggers the formation of mRNA.
- Repressors stop transcription by attaching to the operator and prohibit RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene.
- The shape of the repressor determines which operon it attaches to.
- The inducer binds to the repressor & changes its shape
- The repressor then falls off of the operator which allows, RNA Polymerase can make mRNA.
- Genes are only turned “on” when they have to work.
- Lactose operon (group of several genes working together) only works whenever lactose is present.
- If lactose is not present the operon stays off.
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- Expression and regulation is different and more complex in eukaryotes than prokaryotes.
- DNA is used to make mRNA, but not all the mRNA is used to make the proteins
- Exons are the portions of mRNA which are expressed or turned into protein.
- Introns are portions of mRNA, which intervene the expressed mRNA and get cut out.
- Splicing of mRNA takes place in the nucleus and no Ribosomes are present in the nucleus.
- Eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and more complex than the lac operon.
- The TATA box positions the RNA.
- Polymerase, about 25-30 bp before the start of the gene(TATA OR TATAAA.
- Enhancer Proteins help transcription of the DNA and make the process more complex, resulting in cell specialization..
- All cells are undifferentiated must differentiate into specialized cells.
- Homeotic genes (Hox) – master control center!
- Hox genes control embryo development and differentiation in animals.
- Hox are arranged in the order of presence.
- External factors like temperature, acidity, and salinity affect the cells as well.
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Description
RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the Ribosome, carrying out the processes to make proteins from amino acids. Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA, where one strand of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA by RNA Polymerase. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
