Rhythm in English Speech
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a sound is influenced by a following sound?

  • Progressive assimilation
  • Coarticulation
  • Direction of influence (correct)
  • Retrogressive assimilation
  • What is the direction of influence in regressive assimilation?

  • Right to left (correct)
  • Top to bottom
  • Bottom to top
  • Left to right
  • In the example white paper, what sound changes to /p/ before /p/?

  • /g/
  • /t/ (correct)
  • /d/
  • /b/
  • Before which sounds does /t/ change to /p/ in English?

    <p>/p, b, m/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to /n/ before /k, g/ in English?

    <p>/n/ changes to /ŋ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example good pen, what sound changes to /b/ before /p/?

    <p>/d/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assimilation is illustrated in the example ten men?

    <p>Regressive assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the feature of one sound anticipated in the articulation of the preceding sound?

    <p>Leading regressive assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the rhythm of English speech?

    <p>Stress as well as weakenings and reductions of vowel and consonant sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of words attract stress in English sentences?

    <p>Lexical words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of syllable-timed languages?

    <p>They have a small variety of syllable types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the rhythm of syllable-timed languages?

    <p>Machine-gun rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables?

    <p>Rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of grammatical words in English sentences?

    <p>They do not carry stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stress-timed languages?

    <p>The periodic repetition of stressed syllables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of rhythm in speech?

    <p>The periodic repetition of a particular event during speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assimilation occurs in the phrase 'in case you need it'?

    <p>Place assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the two-way exchange of articulation features in assimilation?

    <p>Reciprocal assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assimilation involves a change in the place of articulation?

    <p>Place assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the assimilation that occurs when a fortis/lenis contrast is reduced?

    <p>Energy assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connected form of the word 'happen'?

    <p>/ˈhӕpm/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assimilation occurs when more than one phoneme is affected by assimilation?

    <p>Co-occurrence of assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of assimilation that involves a change in the manner of articulation?

    <p>Manner assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assimilation occurs in the phrase 'Would you?'?

    <p>Place assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weak form of the word 'can' in RP English?

    <p>/kən/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following words does not have a strong and weak form in RP English?

    <p>none of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pronunciation of the weak form of the word 'has' in RP English?

    <p>/həz/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we leave gaps between words when we write?

    <p>So it is easy for the reader to process the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weak form of the word 'be' in RP English?

    <p>/bɪ/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following words has a strong form but no weak form in RP English?

    <p>none of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pronunciation of the weak form of the word 'some' in RP English?

    <p>/səm/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weak form of the word 'would' in RP English?

    <p>/wʊd/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the change from ideal form in connected speech involving the deletion of a phoneme?

    <p>Elision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the /t/ at the end of next in rapid speech?

    <p>It is lost before <em>day</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technical term for the disappearance of a phoneme?

    <p>Zero realization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the /m/ at the end of prime in rapid speech?

    <p>It is lost before <em>minister</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech is elision more likely to occur in?

    <p>Colloquial speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of a speech segment?

    <p>Elision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sounds when they occur as part of a cluster of consonants or when identical segments occur in a sequence?

    <p>They are left out or elided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of elision in connected speech?

    <p>Sounds disappear under certain circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rhythm

    • Rhythm is the periodic repetition of an event during speech, determined by stress and weakenings/reductions of vowel and consonant sounds.
    • There are two types of speech rhythm: stress-timed and syllable-timed.
    • Stress-timed rhythm occurs in languages where the periodic repetition of stressed syllables gives rise to rhythm.
    • Syllable-timed rhythm occurs in languages where syllables are repeated periodically, with each syllable taking approximately the same amount of time during speech.

    Syllable-Timed Languages

    • Syllable-timed languages have two main characteristics: a small variety of syllable types and no reduced vowels.
    • These languages have a rhythmic beat that occurs at more or less equal time intervals during each speech event.
    • Examples of syllable-timed languages include French, Spanish, Italian, and Yoruba.

    Connected Speech Processes

    • Connected speech processes involve changes to words and phrases when they are spoken in rapid, natural speech.
    • There are three types of assimilation based on the direction of influence: leading, regressive, backward, or anticipatory assimilation; lagging or progressive assimilation; and reciprocal assimilation.
    • Assimilation involves the exchange of articulation features between sounds, and can be classified based on the types of influence (place, manner, and energy/voicing).
    • Examples of assimilation include:
      • Leading, regressive, backward, or anticipatory assimilation: /t/ changes to /p/ before /p/, /b/, or /m/ (e.g., "white paper" becomes /waɪp ˈpepə/).
      • Lagging or progressive assimilation: /n/ changes to /m/ after /p/ (e.g., "happen" becomes /ˈhӕpm/).
      • Reciprocal assimilation: /n/ changes to /m/ and /j/ changes to /ʤ/ (e.g., "raise your glass" becomes /ˈreɪʒ ʒɔ: ˈglɑ:s/).

    Elision

    • Elision is the change from ideal form in connected speech that involves the deletion of a phoneme.
    • Elision can occur in rapid speech, especially when sounds occur as part of a cluster of consonants or when identical segments occur in a sequence.
    • Examples of elision include:
      • Word-internal elisions: sounds may be left out or elided, especially in clusters of consonants.
      • Weak forms: grammatical words may lose sounds or be reduced in rapid speech.
      • Elision at word boundaries: sounds may be lost or elided at or near word boundaries.

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    Related Documents

    RHYTHM_ 1 _.docx

    Description

    This course focuses on rhythm, lexical and grammatical words in English speech, including stress, vowel and consonant sounds, and word types.

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