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What is the primary focus of the disciplines and professional activities mentioned in the content?
What is the primary focus of the disciplines and professional activities mentioned in the content?
What is the primary function of Metonymy and Synecdoche in the context of design?
What is the primary function of Metonymy and Synecdoche in the context of design?
What is the purpose of analyzing rhetorical figures in Ex.1 - Case study analysis?
What is the purpose of analyzing rhetorical figures in Ex.1 - Case study analysis?
What is the relationship between rhetorical figures and design practices?
What is the relationship between rhetorical figures and design practices?
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What is the significance of Metaphor and Hyperbole in the context of sustainable design?
What is the significance of Metaphor and Hyperbole in the context of sustainable design?
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What is the primary goal of the lecture discussed in the content?
What is the primary goal of the lecture discussed in the content?
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How do rhetorical figures shape design discourse?
How do rhetorical figures shape design discourse?
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What is the significance of understanding the role of rhetorical figures in design?
What is the significance of understanding the role of rhetorical figures in design?
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What is the relationship between design disciplines and rhetorical figures?
What is the relationship between design disciplines and rhetorical figures?
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What is the focus of the next two lectures mentioned in the content?
What is the focus of the next two lectures mentioned in the content?
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Study Notes
How to Identify a Rhetorical Figure
- A rhetorical figure requires two essential characteristics: a discernible structure independent of content and a unique use that attracts attention.
- Any structure can potentially become a figure depending on its usage, but uncommon usage alone does not justify it as a figure.
- A structure must be isolatable and recognizable to be considered a figure, and its usage must be regarded as unusual.
The Argumentative Function of Rhetorical Figures
- A figure is considered argumentative if it changes the perspective and seems normal in relation to the new situation.
- If a figure does not bring about adherence to an argumentative form, it is considered an embellishment, a figure of style.
- It is impossible to determine in advance if a structure is a figure or not, or if it will be argumentative or stylistic.
Effect-Related Classification of Rhetorical Figures
- Perelman and Olbrecths-Tyteca propose a classification of rhetorical figures based on their possible effects within an argumentative process.
- They identify three types of effect-related rhetorical figures:
- Figures of Choice: impose or suggest a choice.
- Figures of Presence: increase the impression of presence.
- Figures of Communion: bring about communion with the audience.
Figures of Choice
- Figures of choice make use of a structure to bring to the fore certain aspects of a topic.
- Examples of figures of choice include:
- Oratorical definition: uses a definition to highlight certain aspects of a topic.
- Metonymy: uses the name of one thing for another with which it is associated.
- Synecdoche: uses a part for the whole or the whole for a part.
- Antonomasia: uses a common name for a proper name or a proper name for a common name.
- Prolepsis/Anticipation: aims to hint at substituting one qualification for another that might have raised objections.
- Reprehensio: stresses the legitimacy of a choice when checking oneself.
Figures of Presence
- Figures of presence aim to increase the impression of presence.
- Examples of figures of presence include:
- Anaphora: repetition of the first words in two successive sentences.
- Aggregation: amplification through enumeration of parts.
- Synonymy (Metabolè): repetition of a single idea using different words.
- Interpretatio: explanation of one expression by another to increase presence.
- Hypotyposis: creates a powerful impression of presence, especially through syntactical substitution of one verb tense for another.
Figures of Communion
- Figures of communion aim to bring about communion with the audience.
- Examples of figures of communion include:
- Allusion: deliberately incomplete passage or statement that evokes something without naming it.
Rhetorical Figures in Design
- Rhetorical figures are implicitly rooted in how designers shape, organize, and discuss subjects of their disciplines and professional activities.
- Designers can use rhetorical figures to define and communicate their design subjects and practices.
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Description
Explore the essential characteristics of a rhetorical figure, as defined by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca in 1958. Learn how to identify a figure through its structure and deviation from normal expression.
