27 Questions
What is the genotype of the individual with a phenotype probability of 0.19?
ff
Which enzyme is used for RFLP analysis in the family?
MboI
Which family members' DNA was analyzed using the restriction enzyme MboI?
L, F, M, S, E, D and YO
In the RFLP analysis, which allele is cut by the enzyme?
Slow allele
Which of the following individuals have the possible genotype of Ff or FF?
Individuals with a phenotype probability of 0.83 and 0.95 only
In the P generation, what are the genotypes of the plants used in the monohybrid cross?
TT and tt
What is the phenotypic ratio in the F1 generation?
3:1
What is indicated by a phenotypic ratio of 1:1 in the F2 generation?
The F2 parental line was heterozygous
In the sulphadimidine experiment, what was proportional to the amount of metabolite in the urine samples?
The color intensity recorded by the colorimeter
In the family data, which member has the slow acetylation phenotype?
Eldest daughter
What does a genotype of TT represent in plant height?
Tall
Why are garden peas (Pisum sativum) a good choice for genetic studies?
They can be grown in a small area
What is the result of the self-pollination process in Mendel's P generation for tall plants?
Only tall plants
During which generation did Mendel observe a 3:1 ratio of tall to short plants?
F2 generation
In particulate inheritance, what did Mendel believe physical traits were inherited as?
Particles
What characteristic of garden peas allowed Mendel to produce pure strains?
Self-pollination over several generations
In Mendel's experiments, what happens to a recessive trait in the F1 generation?
It is masked by the dominant trait
What did Mendel's F1 generation of hybrid plants all exhibit in terms of flower color?
All purple flowers
How do plants achieve self-pollination according to Mendel's steps?
By transferring male anther to the female stigma
What is the phenotypic ratio when two hybrid plants (Tt) are crossed?
3 tall, 1 short
Which of Mendel's laws explains the separation of alleles during gamete formation?
Principle of Segregation
According to Mendel's Principle of Dominance, what phenotype is expressed if at least one dominant allele is present?
Dominant trait
In the P generation cross (TT x tt), what is the genotype of all F1 offspring?
Tt
Who created the Punnett Square?
Reginald Punnett
What generation results from self-pollinating the F1 generation (Tt x Tt)?
F2 generation
Which statement is true about the F1 generation (P generation: TT x tt)?
All offspring are heterozygous (Tt)
What proportion of the F2 generation is short based on Mendelian genetics?
1/4
Study Notes
Genetics Basics
- Monohybrid cross: crossing two pure lines (homozygous) with different forms of a single gene
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., TT, Tt, tt)
- Phenotype: physical characteristics of an individual (e.g., tall, short)
P Generation
- Monohybrid cross of two pure lines (homozygous)
- Example: TT x tt
- Genotype: Tt
- Phenotype: All tall
F1 Generation
- Monohybrid cross of two heterozygous lines
- Example: Tt x Tt
- Genotype: TT, Tt, tt
- Phenotype: Tall and short
- Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
- Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
F2 Generation
- Test cross or back cross
- Uses homozygous recessive from the P generation to unmask other traits and determine the genotype of F2 individuals
- If all offspring are the same, then it was homozygous
- A phenotypic ratio of 1:1 indicates the F2 parental line was heterozygous
Sulphadimidine Acetylation Experiment
- 200 people given sulphadimidine
- Urine samples were taken after 6 hours and treated to detect the main metabolite
- Samples were analyzed using a colorimeter
- A separate family was also given the drug and the urines processed in the same way
Data Analysis
- Data was sorted and assigned into ranges based on optical density (OD)
- This gives a frequency profile for the 200-person population
Family Data
- Father: fast acetylator
- Mother: fast acetylator
- Son: fast acetylator
- Eldest daughter: slow acetylator
- Youngest daughter: fast acetylator
RFLP Analysis
- Digestion of family member DNA with restriction enzyme MboI
- Only the slow allele cuts with the enzyme
- RFLP analysis shows the genotype of the various family members
Garden Peas (Pisum sativum)
- Can be grown in a small area
- Produce lots of offspring
- Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate over several generations
- Can be artificially cross-pollinated
Self-Pollination
- Mendel produced pure strains by self-pollinating for several generations
- Steps of self-pollination:
- Self-pollination: male anther to the female stigma
- Fertilization
- Germination: seeds in the ovary
Particulate Inheritance
- Mendel stated that physical traits are inherited as "particles"
- Mendel did not know that the "particles" were actually chromosomes and DNA
Mendel's Laws
-
Mendel's 1st Law: Principle of Dominance
- Alleles can be dominant or recessive
- If you have at least one dominant allele, you will display the phenotype of this allele
-
Mendel's 2nd Law: Principle of Segregation
- During the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other
- Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring
Punnett Square
- A tool used to predict the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring
- Developed by Reginald Punnett
This quiz involves analyzing the results of RFLP analysis to predict the genotypes of family members based on DNA fragmentation patterns. It covers the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes.
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