6 Questions
Which country experienced economic stagnation and social injustice leading to protest and the Bloody Sunday massacre?
Russia
Who overthrew the tsarist government in Russia and established a communist government?
Vladimir Lenin
Which country faced internal issues of ethnic tension, threat of famine, and external economic domination by foreign powers?
China
Who led a revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty in China?
Sun Yat-Sen
Known as the 'sick man of Europe', which empire rose up advocating for constitutional government and cultural realignment?
Ottoman Empire
Who established the Republic of Turkey, focusing on westernization and unhinging culture from Islam?
Mustafa Kemal
Study Notes
- During the first few decades of the 20th century, several large-scale revolutions occurred in Russia, China, the Ottoman Empire, and Mexico.
- Russia: Internally, Russia was economically stagnant and socially unjust, leading to protest and the Bloody Sunday massacre. Externally, Russia suffered military defeats in the Crimean War and Russo-Japanese War. Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the tsarist government, establishing a communist government and abolishing free trade, nationalizing industries, and redistributing land.
- China: The Qing Dynasty faced internal issues of ethnic tension, perpetual threat of famine, and low tax revenue, as well as external economic domination by foreign powers. Sun Yat-Sen led a revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, aiming for democratic reform and rectifying wealth distribution.
- Ottoman Empire: Known as the "sick man of Europe" due to military defeats and a sinking economy, the Young Turks rose up advocating for constitutional government and cultural realignment, which led to persecution of Armenian Christians and alignment with Germany in World War I. Mustafa Kemal established the Republic of Turkey, focusing on westernization and unhinging culture from Islam.
- Mexico: Under Porfirio Diaz's brutal and authoritarian rule, foreign investors controlled resources, wealth distribution was extreme, and the majority were landless and poor. The imprisonment of Francisco Madero sparked the Mexican Revolution, leading to the ratification of a new constitution providing for land redistribution, voting rights, and public education.
Explore the major revolutions that took place in Russia, China, the Ottoman Empire, and Mexico during the first few decades of the 20th century, including the causes, key leaders, and impacts on society and governance.
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