Revolts and Rebellions in the 16th Century
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason that the Revolt of the Northern Earls was a significant threat to Queen Elizabeth in 1569?

  • It had the backing of foreign powers.
  • It was the first rebellion she faced as queen.
  • It was supported by numerous nobles.
  • It followed the imprisonment of Mary. (correct)

Which factor contributed to the difficulty of forming a successful rebellion in the 16th century?

  • The threat of punishment for treason. (correct)
  • Lack of advanced weaponry.
  • Weak loyalty among commoners.
  • Division among rebel leaders.

What was a common outcome for rebel armies in the 16th century?

  • They received substantial military aid.
  • They often fragmented due to hardships. (correct)
  • They quickly gained popular support.
  • They successfully overthrew the monarch.

Which of the following was a crucial requirement for a rebellion to potentially succeed?

<p>Noble support was essential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did rebels face regarding public support for their cause?

<p>They required public loyalty to risk personal safety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage did monarchs hold over potential rebel forces?

<p>Control over better weapon supplies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of execution was commonly reserved for failed rebels in the 16th century?

<p>Hanging, drawing, and quartering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason why rebellions faced challenges in maintaining unity?

<p>Living away from families led to demotivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one primary reason the Northern Earls rebelled against Queen Elizabeth?

<p>They were angered by the loss of their lands and power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Elizabeth's governance impact the northern nobles?

<p>It reduced their political power and influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What religious stance did the leaders of the revolt primarily support?

<p>Catholicism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the northern nobles believe would happen if Elizabeth remained as Queen?

<p>Spain would invade and conquer England. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following positions was the Earl of Northumberland removed from?

<p>Warden of the Middle March. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was seen as a rallying point for the rebels concerning Mary Stuart?

<p>The belief that she would protect England from invasion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To whom did the Northern Earls resent giving more power in the government?

<p>Southern councillors like Cecil and Walsingham. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the socio-political landscape of the North during Elizabeth's reign?

<p>A predominately Catholic population with few government officials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor motivating the northern nobles to plan a rebellion?

<p>To restore Catholicism in England (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between the Duke of Norfolk and the northern nobles' plans?

<p>He was supportive of marrying Mary and involved in the plot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main concerns Elizabeth had regarding her marriage and succession?

<p>There was no heir, leading to potential civil war (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did the rebellion of the northern nobles begin?

<p>Durham (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many royal soldiers did the Earl of Sussex have to confront the rebels?

<p>400 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the northern nobles hope to receive from Spain?

<p>Military support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Queen Elizabeth take in response to the rebellion on December 16th?

<p>She sent 14,000 soldiers north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant consequence of Pope Pius V's excommunication of Elizabeth I?

<p>It allowed Catholics to kill her with the Pope's blessing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Pope's excommunication affect the perception of Elizabeth I in Catholic Europe?

<p>It horrified both France and Spain regarding treatment of Catholics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which noble was NOT one of the main leaders of the northern nobles involved in the rebellion?

<p>King of Scotland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Papal Bull issued by Pope Pius V?

<p>It declared Elizabeth a heretic and called for her removal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the term 'Brutum Fulmen,' associated with the Papal Bull, imply regarding its effectiveness?

<p>It indicated a weak declaration that lacked real power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reaction of English Catholic subjects to Elizabeth's excommunication?

<p>They believed they were damned and outside of God's favor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major reasons for the failure of the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

<p>Lack of foreign support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Mary's reaction to the failure of the revolt?

<p>She became more determined for freedom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Elizabeth's main concern regarding the punishment of the rebels?

<p>To maintain a strong appearance of authority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many rebels were executed following the failure of the revolt?

<p>900 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Elizabeth's government take to deal with the rebel leaders?

<p>Executed most of them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Earl managed to escape after the revolt, unlike others?

<p>Westmoreland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the nature of the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

<p>It was primarily a regional uprising (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did Elizabeth avoid by not executing the Duke of Norfolk?

<p>Loss of political support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Revolt of the Northern Earls

A significant rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I in 1569.

16th-century rebellions

Common occurrences in the 16th century, challenging the monarch's authority.

Treason

Rebellion against the crown, carrying severe penalties.

Monarch's Power

Significant control over the people and resources.

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Rebel Support

Needed to win; widespread support, in many places, was needed.

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Rebel Army Challenges

Difficulties in forming, arming, training, and sustaining a successful rebel force.

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Noble Support

Crucial for rebellions; nobles needed to enlist people or resources.

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Execution Methods

Methods like 'hanging, drawing, and quartering' for rebels.

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Northern Earls' Motivation

The desire for more political power and the resentment over Elizabeth's actions, especially the loss of lands and positions of influence in the North.

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Elizabeth's Actions

Queen Elizabeth's policies included reducing the power of Northern Catholic nobles by taking their lands and replacing loyal northern leaders with southerners.

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Northern Catholic Beliefs

Northern nobles' desire to restore Catholicism as the dominant religion in England.

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Catholicism's role in revolt

The Northern nobles' shared Catholic faith fueled their anger at the Religious Settlement and their desire to make England Catholic again.

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Fear of Invasion

The belief among Northern nobles that a rebellion was needed to protect England from potential Spanish invasion and to install Mary Stuart as the monarch and improve England's security.

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Mary Stuart's Role

The presence of Mary Stuart in England provided a potential replacement for Elizabeth as Queen, which was seen as advantageous by the Northern rebels.

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Political Power Struggle

Northern nobles felt underrepresented in the government and blamed powerful ministers for controlling Queen Elizabeth's policies.

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Loss of Influence

The Northern Earls felt their political influence had diminished under Elizabeth.

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Mary's potential claim to the throne

Mary Stuart, a Catholic, was a possible successor to Elizabeth I. Her claim to the English throne was based on her descent from the royal line.

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Norfolk's marriage plan

The Duke of Norfolk, a Catholic nobleman, secretly planned to marry Mary Stuart, the imprisoned Queen of Scots, to secure a Catholic succession to the English throne.

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Elizabeth's intelligence

Queen Elizabeth I was aware of the plot to marry Mary Stuart to the Duke of Norfolk and the potential involvement of northern nobles, thanks to her spymaster, Walsingham.

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Rebel Goal (Succession)

The rebels wanted to put Mary Stuart on the throne, ensuring a Catholic succession.

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Rebel Strategy (Start Up)

The rebellion began in the North of England, leveraging advantageous starting points like the Earl of Northumberland's castle and gathered forces at Durham.

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Rebel Strategy (Support)

The rebels expected foreign support (Spanish), but it did not materialize.

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Elizabeth's Response (Royal Troops)

Queen Elizabeth I sent a large force of 14,000 troops to quell the rebellion.

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Excommunication

The act of officially removing someone from the Catholic Church, declaring them a heretic, and denying them access to sacraments and salvation.

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Papal Bull

An official letter issued by the Pope, often containing a decree or declaration.

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Brutum Fulmen

Latin for 'Thunderbolt of no effect,' used to describe the Pope's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I because it had little impact in England due to the Protestant majority.

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Queen Elizabeth I's excommunication's impact on Catholics

It forced English Catholics to choose between their loyalty to the Queen and their faith. Many were devastated and believed they were damned unless Elizabeth was removed.

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How did the Pope justify killing Elizabeth I?

The Pope's excommunication essentially provided religious justification for Catholics to remove, even kill Queen Elizabeth I, claiming it was a religious duty and pleasing to God.

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Reasons for the Revolt's Failure

The revolt failed due to a combination of factors, including insufficient support from Catholics, lack of Spanish aid, the regional nature of the rebellion, the Earls' indecisiveness, and Elizabeth's effective handling of the uprising.

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Limited Catholic Support

The revolt failed because it didn't attract enough support from Catholics, especially those in other parts of England, who were crucial for a successful rebellion.

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Lack of Spanish Aid

The revolt failed because it failed to secure the support of the Spanish forces, crucial for a successful rebellion against the strong English forces.

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Regional Limitation

The revolt failed because it was primarily a regional rebellion, limited to the north of England. Wider support was needed to overthrow the Queen.

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Earls' Indecisiveness

The revolt failed because the Earls who led it were indecisive, unable to make clear decisions about their strategy, making it difficult to mobilize and coordinate their forces.

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Effective Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth's government was calm and organized despite the revolt, effectively dealing with the rebellion without panicking, and successfully suppressing the uprising.

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Consequences for the Rebels

Many rebel troops were arrested, some were executed, and others had their lands confiscated. This served as a powerful deterrent against future rebellions.

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Study Notes

Revolts and Rebellions in the 16th Century

  • Revolts were common in the 16th century, with rebellions against monarchs frequently occurring.
  • King Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward, and Mary all faced large rebellions.
  • Rebellion against the crown was considered treason.
  • Punishment for failed rebellions typically involved execution methods like hanging, drawing, and quartering.
  • Most people were loyal to the monarch due to their perceived power and status.
  • Gathering support for a rebellion was difficult due to potential discovery.
  • Rebel armies needed to be large and well-organized to have a chance of succeeding.
  • Rebel armies often faced issues like lack of supplies and maintaining morale after prolonged periods in the field.
  • Nobles needed the support of the population to ensure wider support for any rebellion.

Revolt of the Northern Earls (1569)

  • The Northern Earls' revolt was the first major rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I in her decade of rule.
  • The revolt was sparked by Mary, Queen of Scots' imprisonment in England, around the same time as the rebellion started.
  • Elizabeth had reduced their influence and personal wealth through actions like taking land and resources owned by northern Catholic nobles.
  • Elizabeth's rule was seen as favouring Protestants in government and religious policy.
  • Fear of foreign invasion (Spain) and placing Mary Stuart as Queen of England motivated the revolt.
  • The plan was to execute Elizabeth and appoint Mary Queen.
  • The key leaders of the revolt were the Earl of Westmoreland and the Earl of Northumberland.
  • The revolt needed widespread support and conflict in multiple areas, which proved to be difficult to achieve.
  • The rebellion gained initial success in their control of the region but failed to secure further support.
  • The army was eventually defeated due to a shortage of resources, insufficient support from the population, and the monarchy's swift response in deploying additional forces to curb the rebellion.

Causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls

  • Discontent with Elizabeth's policies towards the northern Catholic nobles, particularly the loss of positions and ownership of resources previously held by them.
  • Fear of Elizabeth and the thought that the Protestant monarchy would be a threat to Catholics and the nation's safety.
  • The belief that Mary, Queen of Scots was a better choice to rule than Elizabeth I for England,
  • Lack of political power and influence for Northern nobles in the main government bodies compared to Southern nobles.
  • The strong presence of Protestant advisors and ministers in Elizabeth's court and religious policies which they perceived to be biased against the Northern Catholics.

What Happened in the Revolt of the Northern Earls

  • The revolt began around mid-November 1569.
  • The Earls' forces had approximately 5,400 men in total.
  • The plan was to gain control of the Northern areas and then march south to gain further support and the desired control over England
  • Queen Elizabeth responded swiftly by sending additional soldiers north to quell the rebellion, which consisted of 14,000 troops.
  • The Northern Earls lost ground because Elizabeth's swift reaction and the eventual abandonment of the rebel forces, who fled back to Scotland and were arrested.

Why the Revolt Failed

  • Lack of support from Catholics, particularly from other regions
  • Disunity and disagreements amongst the leaders concerning how to proceed during and ahead of the war.
  • Failure to secure support from Spain and other Catholic countries.
  • Regional nature of the revolt, not broad based support across England.
  • Elizabeth's government's effective response and measures in the North.
  • Unexpected changes, i.e. the failure of the rebels to secure arrival of Spanish troops and the inability to take over major towns like York.
  • Harsh winter weather and poor roads impacted the speed and progress of the rebel army.

Excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I (1570)

  • Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I for heresy, essentially condemning those loyal to her to damnation.
  • The excommunication threatened any possible assistance from Catholic nations and further motivated Catholics in England to possibly attempt rebellion against Elizabeth I.
  • The excommunication had a significant effect on the way that Catholic Europe viewed Elizabeth I and reinforced the danger perceived from supporting the Protestant/Anglican Queen.
  • Catholic powers abroad reacted with differing degrees of interest in support to a possible rebellion against Elizabeth.

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Revolt of the Northern Earls and Excommunication (1570) PDF

Description

Explore the various revolts and rebellions that took place during the 16th century, particularly against monarchs like Henry VII, VIII, and Elizabeth I. Understand the motivations behind these uprisings, the challenges faced by rebels, and the severe consequences of treason. This quiz highlights key events and factors influencing loyalty and rebellion during this tumultuous period.

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