Review Erikson's Developmental Theory: Infant Stage

Erikson's Developmental Theory

• Individuals pass through 8 stages of psychosocial development, each with a unique conflict or crisis to be resolved for healthy development.
• Failure to resolve these conflicts can lead to negative outcomes later in life.

Infant (0-1 year)

• Primary task is to develop trust in caregivers and the world.
• Consistent caregiving helps infants feel safe and secure, leading to trust.
• Failure to establish trust can lead to feelings of insecurity and mistrust.

Toddler (1-3 years)

• Developing a sense of independence vs. shame and doubt.
• Characteristics:
  • Negativism (persistent "no" answers)
  • Tantrums (ignore them, use time-outs, and praise good behavior)
  • Ritualism (bedtime rituals)
• Overly restrictive or critical parenting can lead to shame and doubt.

Preschool (3-5 years)

• Initiatives: learning to do things without correction.
• Ritualism and imitation are prominent.

School Age (6-12 years)

• Industry: learning to do things well and achieving mastery or perfection.

Adolescent (13-19 years)

• Developing a coherent sense of self and identity vs. confusion.
• Achievement: forming a clear and stable sense of identity, including personal values and life goals.
• Fear of rejection or inability to form close relationships can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Health Care Delivery System

• The U.S. healthcare system has 5 levels of care:
  • Disease prevention
  • Health promotion
  • Primary, secondary, and tertiary health care

Primary Prevention

• Focuses on promoting health and preventing illness before it occurs.
• Examples: smoking cessation campaigns, immunizations, healthy lifestyle education, and regular physical activity programs.

Secondary Prevention

• Involves early detection and intervention to manage or control diseases at their early stages.
• Examples: cancer screenings, cholesterol level testing, diabetes screenings, vision and hearing tests, and mental health screenings.

Tertiary Prevention

• Aims to help individuals regain their previous level of health or achieve the highest level of function possible.
• Examples: rehabilitation, health restoration, and palliative care.

Deformities

• Clubfoot: inward or outward deviation of the foot, making it difficult to place the sole flat on the ground.
• Footdrop: weakness or paralysis of the muscles controlling dorsiflexion, leading to dragging the foot.
• Pigeon Toes: inward rotation of the feet and toes when walking or standing.

Positioning and Equipment

• Trochanter Roll: used to prevent external rotation of the hips when a patient is lying in a supine position.
• Hand Rolls: used to maintain the thumb in a slight adduction and in opposition to the fingers, ensuring a functional hand position.