Retroviral Diseases

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Herpesviruses are part of our ______ makeup

genetic

West Nile virus causes ______

encephalitis

Human pegivirus causes ______

encephalitis

Zika virus is found in Brazil, China, Thailand, ______, and Polynesia

Columbia Signup and view all the answers

SARS-CoV-2 causes ______

NeuroCOVID Signup and view all the answers

Neurotropic viruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.

neural cells Signup and view all the answers

A common neurological infection associated with HIV is ______.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) Signup and view all the answers

A neurovirological disease caused by JC virus is ______.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Signup and view all the answers

Emerging neurovirological infections include ______ and SARS-CoV-2.

human pegivirus Signup and view all the answers

Multiple sclerosis is a ______ disease.

virus-associated Signup and view all the answers

The shrinkage of the brain reflects the loss of ______

neurons Signup and view all the answers

Machine learning identifies ______ factors that control the virus replication

restriction Signup and view all the answers

MAN1B1 could be a potential biomarker for ______/HIV neurovirulence

HAND Signup and view all the answers

Unlike HERPES and rabies which infect the ______, this virus infects microglial cells and perivascular macrophages

neurons Signup and view all the answers

Both host and viral factors contribute to ______ and the eventual occurrence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

neurodegeneration Signup and view all the answers

Typically no enhancement or edema ______ infects * the cortex where neurons are.

JC virus Signup and view all the answers

Mottled or ground glass appearance ______ the cortex.

spares Signup and view all the answers

Pathology of PML: Myelin pallor/ ______ of cortex.

sparing Signup and view all the answers

JCV infection of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes: ______ astrocytes.

giant Signup and view all the answers

Treatment of PML: Indirect Treatment Options - They are non-specific anti-retrovirus and using ______ therapy to boost their immune function.

anti-retroviral Signup and view all the answers

Retroviruses are used as tools in labs for gene delivery and treatment of people deficient in certain genes. We use __________ to convert RNA to cDNA and perform PCR.

reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

About _______ of the human genome is comprised of retroviruses.

8% Signup and view all the answers

HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated in ________ Africa, specifically the Democratic Republic of Congo.

central Signup and view all the answers

HIV-1 is believed to have been transmitted from non-human primates to humans through _________.

xenoinfection Signup and view all the answers

In North America, it takes approximately _______ years to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection.

10 Signup and view all the answers

Neurons in the brain can regenerate, but ______ cannot regenerate.

astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier is unique because viruses and cells cannot readily ______.

traverse Signup and view all the answers

Microglia are key players in brain inflammation and produce cytokines, free radicals, and ______.

MMPs Signup and view all the answers

The end goal of damaging a neuron is the damage of ______ which produce myelin for insulation.

oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Neurotropic retroviruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.

neurons Signup and view all the answers

What are some major concerns regarding neurotropic viral infections?

The development of drug resistant viruses, the increasing number of immunocompromised human populations, the rising number of diseases previously considered rare. Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique aspect of CNS infections?

The brain is an immune privileged organ, with blood-brain barrier protection. Signup and view all the answers

Why is education, surveillance, and the development of new drugs and vaccines essential?

To prevent and treat resurging infections and emerging neurological infectious diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical diagnoses of patients LE-1 and LE-2?

Leukoencephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What are the presenting symptoms and signs of patient LE-1?

Weight loss (22lb), Bilateral vision loss, Memory loss, Fatigue, Ataxia, Right knee effusion, Central vertigo, Horizontal diplopia, Left facial droop Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of patient LE-2?

61 Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19?

Loss of smell and taste, encephalopathy, strokes, seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the brain?

Brain stem Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence range of encephalitis outbreaks?

Between 3.5 and 7.5 per 100,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?

They produce cytokines, free radicals, and contribute to brain inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of shrinkage of the brain in HIV patients?

Loss of neurons Signup and view all the answers

What are the neurological symptoms associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders?

Increasing forgetfulness, slowed cognition, motor activity with poor concentration, irritability, apathy, gait ataxia, tremor, hyperreflexia, parkinsonian symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microglial cells and perivascular macrophages in HIV infection?

They are infected by the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential biomarker for HIV-associated neurovirulence?

MAN1B1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lentiviruses in the lab?

Lentiviruses are used as tools in labs for gene delivery and treatment of people deficient in certain genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

Reverse transcriptase is used to convert RNA to cDNA and perform PCR. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average time it takes to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection in North America?

It takes approximately 10 years to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection in North America. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common neurological disorders associated with HIV?

Some common neurological disorders associated with HIV are HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), memory loss, Alzheimer's-like symptoms, and motor abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Neurons (+ axons) and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia/macrophages) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Neurons (+ axons) and Schwann cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of astrocytes in the brain?

Astrocytes release cytokines and play a critical role in forming the blood-brain barrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?

Microglia produce cytokines, free radicals, and proteases, and are involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of common neurological infections mentioned in the text?

HSV, VZV, HIV, WNV, rabies, N. meningitides, S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, Malaria, Toxoplasma gondi, Cysticercosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Signup and view all the answers

How did viral infections make their way to humans?

Through direct infection, spread through animals (such as bats, dogs, skunks, and foxes), and non-human primates Signup and view all the answers

Are viral infections mentioned in the text acute or chronic?

Both acute and chronic infections are mentioned Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that contribute to the emergence of new infections?

Susceptible populations (poverty, war, famine, immunosuppression), disrupted environments (climate change, economic development), altered human and animal contact (rapid and frequent global movement of animals and humans) Signup and view all the answers

Retroviral Diseases

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Questions and Answers

Herpesviruses are part of our ______ makeup

West Nile virus causes ______

Human pegivirus causes ______

Zika virus is found in Brazil, China, Thailand, ______, and Polynesia

SARS-CoV-2 causes ______

Neurotropic viruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.

A common neurological infection associated with HIV is ______.

A neurovirological disease caused by JC virus is ______.

Emerging neurovirological infections include ______ and SARS-CoV-2.

Multiple sclerosis is a ______ disease.

The shrinkage of the brain reflects the loss of ______

Machine learning identifies ______ factors that control the virus replication

MAN1B1 could be a potential biomarker for ______/HIV neurovirulence

Unlike HERPES and rabies which infect the ______, this virus infects microglial cells and perivascular macrophages

Both host and viral factors contribute to ______ and the eventual occurrence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Typically no enhancement or edema ______ infects * the cortex where neurons are.

Mottled or ground glass appearance ______ the cortex.

Pathology of PML: Myelin pallor/ ______ of cortex.

JCV infection of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes: ______ astrocytes.

Treatment of PML: Indirect Treatment Options - They are non-specific anti-retrovirus and using ______ therapy to boost their immune function.

Retroviruses are used as tools in labs for gene delivery and treatment of people deficient in certain genes. We use __________ to convert RNA to cDNA and perform PCR.

About _______ of the human genome is comprised of retroviruses.

HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated in ________ Africa, specifically the Democratic Republic of Congo.

HIV-1 is believed to have been transmitted from non-human primates to humans through _________.

In North America, it takes approximately _______ years to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection.

Neurons in the brain can regenerate, but ______ cannot regenerate.

The blood-brain barrier is unique because viruses and cells cannot readily ______.

Microglia are key players in brain inflammation and produce cytokines, free radicals, and ______.

The end goal of damaging a neuron is the damage of ______ which produce myelin for insulation.

Neurotropic retroviruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.

What are some major concerns regarding neurotropic viral infections?

What is a unique aspect of CNS infections?

Why is education, surveillance, and the development of new drugs and vaccines essential?

What are the clinical diagnoses of patients LE-1 and LE-2?

What are the presenting symptoms and signs of patient LE-1?

What is the age of patient LE-2?

What are some symptoms of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19?

What is the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the brain?

What is the prevalence range of encephalitis outbreaks?

What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?

What is the cause of shrinkage of the brain in HIV patients?

What are the neurological symptoms associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders?

What is the role of microglial cells and perivascular macrophages in HIV infection?

What is the potential biomarker for HIV-associated neurovirulence?

What is the role of lentiviruses in the lab?

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

What is the average time it takes to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection in North America?

What are some common neurological disorders associated with HIV?

What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?

What are the two main components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

What is the function of astrocytes in the brain?

What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?

What are some examples of common neurological infections mentioned in the text?

How did viral infections make their way to humans?

Are viral infections mentioned in the text acute or chronic?

What are some factors that contribute to the emergence of new infections?

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