56 Questions
Herpesviruses are part of our ______ makeup
genetic
West Nile virus causes ______
encephalitis
Human pegivirus causes ______
encephalitis
Zika virus is found in Brazil, China, Thailand, ______, and Polynesia
Columbia
SARS-CoV-2 causes ______
NeuroCOVID
Neurotropic viruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.
neural cells
A common neurological infection associated with HIV is ______.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)
A neurovirological disease caused by JC virus is ______.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Emerging neurovirological infections include ______ and SARS-CoV-2.
human pegivirus
Multiple sclerosis is a ______ disease.
virus-associated
The shrinkage of the brain reflects the loss of ______
neurons
Machine learning identifies ______ factors that control the virus replication
restriction
MAN1B1 could be a potential biomarker for ______/HIV neurovirulence
HAND
Unlike HERPES and rabies which infect the ______, this virus infects microglial cells and perivascular macrophages
neurons
Both host and viral factors contribute to ______ and the eventual occurrence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
neurodegeneration
Typically no enhancement or edema ______ infects * the cortex where neurons are.
JC virus
Mottled or ground glass appearance ______ the cortex.
spares
Pathology of PML: Myelin pallor/ ______ of cortex.
sparing
JCV infection of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes: ______ astrocytes.
giant
Treatment of PML: Indirect Treatment Options - They are non-specific anti-retrovirus and using ______ therapy to boost their immune function.
anti-retroviral
Retroviruses are used as tools in labs for gene delivery and treatment of people deficient in certain genes. We use __________ to convert RNA to cDNA and perform PCR.
reverse transcriptase
About _______ of the human genome is comprised of retroviruses.
8%
HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated in ________ Africa, specifically the Democratic Republic of Congo.
central
HIV-1 is believed to have been transmitted from non-human primates to humans through _________.
xenoinfection
In North America, it takes approximately _______ years to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection.
10
Neurons in the brain can regenerate, but ______ cannot regenerate.
astrocytes
The blood-brain barrier is unique because viruses and cells cannot readily ______.
traverse
Microglia are key players in brain inflammation and produce cytokines, free radicals, and ______.
MMPs
The end goal of damaging a neuron is the damage of ______ which produce myelin for insulation.
oligodendrocytes
Neurotropic retroviruses primarily impact the ______ of the brain.
neurons
What are some major concerns regarding neurotropic viral infections?
The development of drug resistant viruses, the increasing number of immunocompromised human populations, the rising number of diseases previously considered rare.
What is a unique aspect of CNS infections?
The brain is an immune privileged organ, with blood-brain barrier protection.
Why is education, surveillance, and the development of new drugs and vaccines essential?
To prevent and treat resurging infections and emerging neurological infectious diseases.
What are the clinical diagnoses of patients LE-1 and LE-2?
Leukoencephalitis
What are the presenting symptoms and signs of patient LE-1?
Weight loss (22lb), Bilateral vision loss, Memory loss, Fatigue, Ataxia, Right knee effusion, Central vertigo, Horizontal diplopia, Left facial droop
What is the age of patient LE-2?
61
What are some symptoms of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19?
Loss of smell and taste, encephalopathy, strokes, seizures
What is the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the brain?
Brain stem
What is the prevalence range of encephalitis outbreaks?
Between 3.5 and 7.5 per 100,000
What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?
They produce cytokines, free radicals, and contribute to brain inflammation
What is the cause of shrinkage of the brain in HIV patients?
Loss of neurons
What are the neurological symptoms associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders?
Increasing forgetfulness, slowed cognition, motor activity with poor concentration, irritability, apathy, gait ataxia, tremor, hyperreflexia, parkinsonian symptoms
What is the role of microglial cells and perivascular macrophages in HIV infection?
They are infected by the virus
What is the potential biomarker for HIV-associated neurovirulence?
MAN1B1
What is the role of lentiviruses in the lab?
Lentiviruses are used as tools in labs for gene delivery and treatment of people deficient in certain genes.
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
Reverse transcriptase is used to convert RNA to cDNA and perform PCR.
What is the average time it takes to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection in North America?
It takes approximately 10 years to develop AIDS after the primary HIV infection in North America.
What are some common neurological disorders associated with HIV?
Some common neurological disorders associated with HIV are HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), memory loss, Alzheimer's-like symptoms, and motor abnormalities.
What are the two main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
Neurons (+ axons) and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia/macrophages)
What are the two main components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Neurons (+ axons) and Schwann cells
What is the function of astrocytes in the brain?
Astrocytes release cytokines and play a critical role in forming the blood-brain barrier
What is the role of microglia in brain inflammation?
Microglia produce cytokines, free radicals, and proteases, and are involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytotoxicity
What are some examples of common neurological infections mentioned in the text?
HSV, VZV, HIV, WNV, rabies, N. meningitides, S. pneumoniae, M. tuberculosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycosis, Malaria, Toxoplasma gondi, Cysticercosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
How did viral infections make their way to humans?
Through direct infection, spread through animals (such as bats, dogs, skunks, and foxes), and non-human primates
Are viral infections mentioned in the text acute or chronic?
Both acute and chronic infections are mentioned
What are some factors that contribute to the emergence of new infections?
Susceptible populations (poverty, war, famine, immunosuppression), disrupted environments (climate change, economic development), altered human and animal contact (rapid and frequent global movement of animals and humans)
Test your knowledge on retroviruses and their impact on human and animal health. Explore various retroviral diseases including FIV, EIAV, HIV-1, and more. Discover the genetic mechanisms, modes of transmission, and diagnostic techniques associated with these retroviruses. Can you identify the human retrovirus that causes neurologic disease? Take the quiz to find out!
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