Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of difficulty in proper alveoli inflation in premature infants?
What is the main consequence of abnormal expression of the CFTR protein in cystic fibrosis?
What is the most common pathogen responsible for bronchiolitis in children younger than 2 years of age?
What is the highest risk age for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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What is the most common type of kidney stone?
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What is the primary consequence of viral infections in bronchiolitis?
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What is a risk factor associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
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What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of mucus in the lungs, as seen in cystic fibrosis?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing empyema, a complication of pneumonia, in both elderly individuals and young children?
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Which of the following is a common cause of pulmonary emboli (PE), a potentially fatal condition?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT a restrictive lung disease?
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Which of the following conditions is a type of pneumoconiosis, a lung disease caused by inhalation of dust particles?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of squamous cell carcinoma, a type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that can lead to right heart failure?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the nasopharynx and oropharynx in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing respiratory tract infections?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the development of cor pulmonale?
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A patient presents with a long history of smoking and reports experiencing shortness of breath, especially during exertion. Upon examination, the physician notes a barrel-chest deformity and diminished breath sounds. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for these findings?
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Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of restrictive lung diseases?
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A patient who works in a coal mine presents with persistent cough, dyspnea, and chest pain. The physician suspects a specific type of pneumoconiosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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Which of the following inflammatory mediators are primarily responsible for the airway damage and mucus production in obstructive pulmonary diseases?
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A patient with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department with severe wheezing, dyspnea, and a persistent cough. The patient's peak expiratory flow rate is significantly reduced. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's acute asthma exacerbation?
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Which of the following is a key feature that distinguishes chronic bronchitis from emphysema?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Infections
- Pneumonia causes approximately 45,000 deaths annually in the U.S.
- First line of defense against infections includes the nasopharynx and oropharynx.
- Risk factors for pneumonia include age (under 5, over 70), compromised immunity, lung disease, malnutrition, alcohol dependence, and living in care facilities.
Empyema
- A complication of pneumonia, characterized by pleural effusion containing infectious organisms.
- More common in the elderly and young children.
- Occurs due to blockage of pulmonary lymphatics, leading to contaminated lymphatic fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
- Pulmonary Emboli (PE) can result in death as the first symptom in 25% of cases.
- Most common cause: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which can lead to embolism traveling to pulmonary vessels.
- Virchow's triad risk factors include venous stasis (immobility), injury to vessel lining (trauma, infections like COVID-19), and hypercoagulability (malignancy).
Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract
- Lung cancer is categorized mainly as Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC).
- NSCLC's squamous cell carcinoma typically forms centrally near the hila, affecting the bronchi.
Cystic Fibrosis
- An autosomal recessive disease with multi-organ involvement affecting lungs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs.
- Caused by mutations in CFTR gene leading to abnormal CFTR protein function.
- Results in thick, dehydrated mucus, causing mucous plugs, chronic inflammation, and infection. Respiratory failure is a common cause of death.
Bronchiolitis
- Most common viral respiratory infection in children under 2 years, primarily caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
- Premature infants are at higher risk for severe outcomes.
- Viral infections lead to bronchial epithelium necrosis and destruction, resulting in airway narrowing and mucus accumulation.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
- Leading cause of sudden unexpected infant deaths, with an unknown etiology.
- Highest risk occurs between 2-4 months of age.
- Risk factors include low birth weight, large family size, socioeconomic factors, unsafe sleeping conditions, and parental smoking. Education is essential for prevention.
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)
- Kidney stones can form in kidneys, ureters, or bladder, classified by their primary minerals.
- Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type.
Alterations of the Pulmonary System
- Obstructive pulmonary diseases involve inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine release, and airway obstruction worsening during expiration.
- Increased work of breathing can lead to dyspnea, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Common obstructive diseases include asthma and COPD.
Asthma
- Allergic asthma is the predominant phenotype, characterized as a Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Chronic Bronchitis
- Defined by hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough lasting at least three months per year for two consecutive years.
- Characterized by bronchial inflammation, edema, and increased mucous gland activity leading to thick mucus that cannot be cleared, enhancing infection susceptibility.
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Description
Learn about respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and their risk factors. Understand how age, immunity, and underlying health conditions affect susceptibility.
