Respiratory System: Trachea and Bronchial Tree

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Questions and Answers

What is the name given to the bronchi that extend into a pulmonary lobe of the lung?

Intrapulmonary bronchi

Lobar bronchi (correct)

Segmental bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

How many tertiary bronchi are found in each side of the lungs?

10 (correct)

What is the diameter of bronchioles?

15mm

1mm

10mm

5mm (correct)

What is the function of the alveoli?

To oxygenate the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the smaller airways that contain alveoli on their walls?

Respiratory bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

How many borders does each lung have?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the notch found on the anterior border of the left lung?

Cardiac notch Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the surface of the lung that is related to the heart and structures in the mediastinum?

Medial surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure through which the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and main bronchus pass?

Hilum Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the divisions of the lung that are separated by fissures?

Lobes Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Bronchial artery, branch of descending aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulmonary plexus?

Innervates the bronchi and lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of a bronchopulmonary segment?

Pyramidal Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each bronchopulmonary segment?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the left lung?

It has a cardiac notch Signup and view all the answers

How many fissures does the right lung have?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bronchopulmonary segments?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of segments in the right lung?

10 Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels run between bronchopulmonary segments?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the trachea?

10 cm Signup and view all the answers

At which level does the trachea begin?

C6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a tracheostomy?

To create an opening in the neck for breathing Signup and view all the answers

How many cartilages make up the trachea?

16-20 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachea?

To transmit air from the larynx to the lungs Signup and view all the answers

How many generations does the trachea divide into before becoming alveolar sacs?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the right bronchus?

It is shorter and wider than the left bronchus Signup and view all the answers

At which level does the trachea divide into two main bronchi?

T4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the left bronchus?

It is longer and narrower than the right bronchus Signup and view all the answers

How many lobar bronchi are there in the right lung?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main blood supply to the lungs?

Bronchial artery, branch of descending aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bronchopulmonary segments?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of a bronchopulmonary segment?

Pyramidal Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessels that drain into azygous and hemiazygous vein?

Bronchial veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the nerve plexus that supplies the lungs?

Pulmonary plexus Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the number of fissures between the right and left lungs?

Right lung has 2 fissures, left lung has 1 oblique fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the left lung?

It has a cardiac notch Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds each bronchopulmonary segment?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

How many segments are there in the left lung?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What runs between bronchopulmonary segments?

Branches of pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the upper half of the trachea?

Neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cartilages in the trachea?

To support the trachea and keep it open Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in length between the right and left bronchi?

The right bronchus is 2.5 cm shorter than the left bronchus Signup and view all the answers

Why is a tracheostomy performed?

To facilitate breathing in cases of restricted airways Signup and view all the answers

At which level does the trachea divide into two main bronchi?

Sternal angle (lower border of T4) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the carina?

It is the point where the trachea divides into two main bronchi Signup and view all the answers

How many lobar bronchi are there in the left lung?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the right bronchus compared to the trachea?

More in line with the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Why is the right lung more prone to foreign body inhalation?

Because it is more in line with the trachea Signup and view all the answers

How many generations does the trachea divide into before becoming alveolar sacs?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between intrapulmonary bronchi and tertiary bronchi?

Intrapulmonary bronchi enter a lung lobe and divide to form tertiary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the bronchioles?

To supply air to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the walls of the alveoli?

They are one-cell thick Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fissures in the lungs?

To separate the lungs into lobes Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the apex of the lungs?

Above the root of the neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the conducting airways and the respiratory airways?

The conducting airways do not contain alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that connects the bronchioles to the alveoli?

Alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the hilum in the lungs?

To allow the passage of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and main bronchus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the anterior and posterior borders of the lungs?

The posterior border lies on each side of the vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the medial surface of the lungs?

It is related to the heart and structures in the mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Trachea

10 cm tube that lies in the midline, with its upper 1/2 in the neck and its lower 1/2 in the thorax
Begins at the level of C6 (cricoid cartilage) as a continuation of the larynx
Ends in the thorax, at the level of the sternal angle (lower border of T4), dividing into two main bronchi
Consists of 16-20 C-shaped cartilages that transmit air from the larynx to the lungs
The two bronchi are separated from inside by the CARINA

Tracheostomy

A medical procedure that involves creating an opening in the neck to place a tube into the trachea
Performed in case of restricted airways making normal breathing impossible, such as in cancer of the larynx

Bronchial Tree

The trachea divides into 23 generations before it becomes an alveolar sac
Main bronchi: right bronchus is shorter (2.5 cm), wider, and more in line with the trachea; left bronchus is longer (5 cm), narrower, and less in line with the trachea
Foreign bodies usually enter the right lung

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

Three in the right lung and two in the left lung
Each extends into a pulmonary lobe of the lung and divides to form tertiary bronchi
Also known as lobar bronchi

Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)

10 in each lung
Each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
Each tertiary bronchus enters a lung lobe and divides to form respiratory bronchioles

Bronchioles

When tertiary bronchi lose their cartilage, they become microscopic bronchioles
Diameter is 5mm
Make up the 5th-16th generations
Divide into respiratory bronchioles (17th-19th generations) that contain alveoli on their walls
Each respiratory bronchiole terminates in an alveolar duct (20th-22nd generations) that opens into an alveolar sac (23rd generation) and then the alveoli

Lungs

Two lungs, each with an apex, base, surfaces, and borders
Apex above lies at the root of the neck
Base below is concave and related to the diaphragm
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
3 borders: anterior, posterior, and inferior borders
Anterior border of the left lung has the lingula and cardiac notch
Posterior border lies on each side of the vertebral column
Inferior border surrounds the base

Blood Supply and Nerve Supply

Blood supply: bronchial artery, a branch of the descending aorta
Bronchial veins drain into the azygous and hemiazygous veins
Nerve supply: pulmonary plexus of autonomic nerve fibers

Bronchopulmonary Segments

Anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs
Area of lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus)
Characteristics:
- Subdivision of a lung lobe
- Pyramidal in shape with its apex toward the lung root
- Surrounded by connective tissue
- Each segment has a segmental bronchus, segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and branches of pulmonary veins
- Lymph vessels and autonomic nerves

Comparison between Right and Left Lungs

Right lung: shorter, wider, heavier, with 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal), 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower), and 10 segments
Left lung: longer, narrower, lighter, with 1 fissure (oblique), 2 lobes (upper and lower), and 8 segments

Trachea

10 cm tube that lies in the midline, with its upper 1/2 in the neck and its lower 1/2 in the thorax
Begins at the level of C6 (cricoid cartilage) as a continuation of the larynx
Ends in the thorax, at the level of the sternal angle (lower border of T4), dividing into two main bronchi
Consists of 16-20 C-shaped cartilages that transmit air from the larynx to the lungs
The two bronchi are separated from inside by the CARINA

Tracheostomy

A medical procedure that involves creating an opening in the neck to place a tube into the trachea
Performed in case of restricted airways making normal breathing impossible, such as in cancer of the larynx

Bronchial Tree

The trachea divides into 23 generations before it becomes an alveolar sac
Main bronchi: right bronchus is shorter (2.5 cm), wider, and more in line with the trachea; left bronchus is longer (5 cm), narrower, and less in line with the trachea
Foreign bodies usually enter the right lung

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

Three in the right lung and two in the left lung
Each extends into a pulmonary lobe of the lung and divides to form tertiary bronchi
Also known as lobar bronchi

Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)

10 in each lung
Each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
Each tertiary bronchus enters a lung lobe and divides to form respiratory bronchioles

Bronchioles

When tertiary bronchi lose their cartilage, they become microscopic bronchioles
Diameter is 5mm
Make up the 5th-16th generations
Divide into respiratory bronchioles (17th-19th generations) that contain alveoli on their walls
Each respiratory bronchiole terminates in an alveolar duct (20th-22nd generations) that opens into an alveolar sac (23rd generation) and then the alveoli

Lungs

Two lungs, each with an apex, base, surfaces, and borders
Apex above lies at the root of the neck
Base below is concave and related to the diaphragm
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
3 borders: anterior, posterior, and inferior borders
Anterior border of the left lung has the lingula and cardiac notch
Posterior border lies on each side of the vertebral column
Inferior border surrounds the base

Blood Supply and Nerve Supply

Blood supply: bronchial artery, a branch of the descending aorta
Bronchial veins drain into the azygous and hemiazygous veins
Nerve supply: pulmonary plexus of autonomic nerve fibers

Bronchopulmonary Segments

Anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs
Area of lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchus)
Characteristics:
- Subdivision of a lung lobe
- Pyramidal in shape with its apex toward the lung root
- Surrounded by connective tissue
- Each segment has a segmental bronchus, segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and branches of pulmonary veins
- Lymph vessels and autonomic nerves

Comparison between Right and Left Lungs

Right lung: shorter, wider, heavier, with 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal), 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower), and 10 segments
Left lung: longer, narrower, lighter, with 1 fissure (oblique), 2 lobes (upper and lower), and 8 segments

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Quiz about the anatomy and structure of the trachea and bronchial tree, including its location, function, and characteristics. Learn about the respiratory system and its components.