17 Questions
What is the primary reason for dyspnea on mild exertion in patients with left ventricular failure?
Increased pulmonary venous pressure
What is the likely cause of bronchospasm in cardiac asthma?
Local receptors in the bronchial walls
Which of the following terms describes an abnormal increase in respiratory rate above normal?
Tachypnea
What is the term for an increase in minute alveolar ventilation in response to an increase in metabolic stimulus?
Hyperpnea
Which of the following is a normal finding?
Dyspnea on severe exertion
What is the consequence of left ventricular failure on pulmonary vessels over time?
Increased pulmonary vessel congestion
What is the term for dyspnea that occurs when standing upright or sitting?
Positional Dyspnea
Which of the following is a consequence of left ventricular failure?
Cerebral and tissue acidosis
What is the primary reason for orthopnea in patients with left ventricle insufficiency?
Inability to pump out the additional blood volume in the lungs
In patients with congestive heart failure, what contributes to the pulmonary circulation being already overloaded?
Systemic edema fluid reabsorption from dependent parts of the body
What is the effect of assuming an erect position on patients with congestive heart failure?
Gravity helps redistribute the blood, decreasing pulmonary congestion and improving symptoms
What may occur in patients with left ventricle insufficiency when they are in the horizontal position?
Redistribution of blood volume from the lower extremities and splanchnic beds to the lungs
What is the primary mechanism causing paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea in patients with heart failure?
Inability of the failing left ventricle to match the output of the right ventricle during sleep
What is the effect of increased blood volume in the lungs on patients with left ventricle insufficiency?
Significant reduction in vital capacity and pulmonary compliance
What is a possible additional mechanism contributing to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea in patients who experience it only during sleep?
Theories include unknown mechanisms specific to sleep
What occurs when a patient with left ventricle insufficiency assumes a more erect position?
Gravity helps redistribute the blood, decreasing pulmonary congestion and improving symptoms
What is the primary difference between orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Mechanisms causing orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are similar, but paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea may have additional mechanisms specific to sleep
Test your knowledge of respiratory system terminology, including tachypnea, hyperventilation, hyperpnea, and dyspnea. Learn the differences between these terms and how they relate to respiratory rate and metabolic need.
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