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Questions and Answers
What function does the epiglottis serve during swallowing?
What function does the epiglottis serve during swallowing?
What happens to the pressure within the thorax during inhalation?
What happens to the pressure within the thorax during inhalation?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the movement of gases between the air and the blood?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the movement of gases between the air and the blood?
What is Boyle’s Law in the context of respiration?
What is Boyle’s Law in the context of respiration?
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During exhalation, what causes the volume of the lungs to decrease?
During exhalation, what causes the volume of the lungs to decrease?
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What purpose do cilia serve in the conducting passageways?
What purpose do cilia serve in the conducting passageways?
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The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration is known as what?
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration is known as what?
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Which muscle is primarily involved in the mechanics of breathing by contracting during inhalation?
Which muscle is primarily involved in the mechanics of breathing by contracting during inhalation?
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What is expiratory reserve?
What is expiratory reserve?
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How does partial pressure (Px) affect the diffusion of gases?
How does partial pressure (Px) affect the diffusion of gases?
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Which conditions can influence hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Which conditions can influence hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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What does Dalton’s Law state regarding gases in a mixture?
What does Dalton’s Law state regarding gases in a mixture?
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What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?
What is the role of iron in hemoglobin?
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What is altitude sickness primarily caused by?
What is altitude sickness primarily caused by?
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What happens to carbon dioxide during the loading/unloading process with hemoglobin?
What happens to carbon dioxide during the loading/unloading process with hemoglobin?
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What is the definition of Total Lung Capacity?
What is the definition of Total Lung Capacity?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Review
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Conducting Passageways: The respiratory system's air passages, from entrance to lungs.
- Nose: Initial entrance to the system.
- Pharynx: Throat; shared passage for food and air. The epiglottis closes during swallowing.
- Larynx: Voice box; contains vocal cords. Epiglottis opens for air passage.
- Trachea: Windpipe; cartilage rings support structure. Contains ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.
- Bronchi (Right/Left): Branches off the trachea, carrying air to lungs.
- Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading to alveoli.
- Cilia: Microscopic hairs filtering inhaled air.
- Mucus: Sticky substance trapping foreign particles.
- Ciliated Mucosae: Inside trachea; cilia move mucus and trapped particles away from lungs.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in lungs; site of gas exchange.
- Epiglottis: Flap of cartilage that covers trachea during swallowing.
Mechanics of Breathing
- Boyle's Law: Inverse relationship between pressure and volume; air moves from higher to lower pressure.
- Diaphragm: Muscle below lungs; contracts during inhalation pushing downwards.
- External Intercostals: Muscles between ribs; elevate ribs during inhalation.
- Inhalation (Inspiration): Rib cage expands, diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure, air inflates the lungs.
- Exhalation: Pressure increases, lung volume decreases; diaphragm and intercostals relax.
Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
- Residual Volume: Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.
- Tidal Volume: Air exchanged with each normal breath.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Extra air inhaled in forced breathing.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume: Extra air exhaled in forced breathing.
- Total Lung Capacity: Maximal air lung capacity.
Partial Pressure of Gases & Diffusion
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Total Atmospheric Pressure: Weight of the atmosphere (760 mmHg).
- Partial Pressure: Pressure of each gas in a mixture (Px).
- Dalton's Law: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure independently.
- Partial Pressure (Px) and Gas Diffusion: Larger pressure difference leads to faster gas movement (diffusion).
- Partial Pressure influences on Hemoglobin Affinity for O2: Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) directly impacts hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen. Factors like pH and temperature also affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
Factors influencing Hemoglobin Affinity
- pH: Lower pH (more acidic) reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
- Temperature: Higher temperature reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
- Altitude Sickness: Low oxygen levels at high altitudes causing symptoms (nausea, headache, shortness of breath).
Gas Transport in the Blood
- Oxyhemoglobin: Hemoglobin bound to oxygen.
- Hemoglobin: Iron-containing protein in red blood cells carrying oxygen.
- Iron: Essential for hemoglobin production and oxygen transport.
- Carbonic Acid: Weak acid formed from carbon dioxide dissolving in plasma.
- Bicarbonate Ion: Ion formed from carbonic acid dissociation in plasma.
- Carbon Dioxide Loading/Unloading: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin reduces carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion binding to hemoglobin.
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Description
Explore the components and mechanisms of the respiratory system with this quiz. Understand the functions of each part, from the nose to the alveoli, and how air is processed in the human body. Test your knowledge and reinforce your understanding of this vital system.
