Respiratory Centers and Chemoreceptors
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What is the main structural difference between Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and normal adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

  • HbF has two alpha and two gamma chains, while HbA has two alpha and two beta chains. (correct)
  • HbF has two beta and two gamma chains, while HbA has two alpha and two beta chains.
  • HbF has four beta chains, while HbA has two alpha and two gamma chains.
  • HbF has two beta and two gamma chains, while HbA has four alpha chains.

    • Why does Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) have a higher affinity for oxygen compared to normal adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

  • Because the fetal dissociation curve is shifted to the right.
  • Because fetal arterial oxygen pressures are higher than adult arterial oxygen pressures.
  • Because HbF is composed of four identical gamma chains.
  • Due to the presence of a higher concentration of 2,3-BPG in fetal blood. (correct)

    • Why do whales express high amounts of the O2 carrier protein myoglobin in their muscle tissues?

  • To decrease their aerobic diving capacity.
  • To reduce their need for oxygen during dives.
  • To increase their aerobic diving capacity. (correct)
  • To increase their dependence on haemoglobin for oxygen transport.

    • Which factor influences the shift of the Fetal hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left?

    <p>Higher levels of 2,3-DPG in maternal blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 2,3-BPG affect the binding affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>It binds more strongly to adult hemoglobin, causing it to release more oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) play in oxygen delivery to tissues?

    <p>It delivers bound oxygen to tissues with lower partial pressures for release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does maternal hemoglobin release more oxygen for uptake by the fetus?

    <p>Due to the presence of a lower concentration of 2,3-BPG in maternal blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the higher concentration of 2,3-BPG in maternal blood have on oxygen transport?

    <p>Increases the amount of oxygen released by maternal hemoglobin for fetal uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) have a higher affinity for oxygen than normal adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

    <p>Presence of gamma chains in HbF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) leads to its left-shifted dissociation curve?

    <p>More gamma chains in HbF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of 2,3-BPG in maternal blood impact oxygen transport to the fetus?

    <p>It increases the release of oxygen from maternal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do whales with high myoglobin expression in muscle tissues have an increased aerobic diving capacity?

    <p>Myoglobin enhances oxygen storage in whale tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the higher affinity for oxygen in Fetal hemoglobin at lower partial pressures?

    <p>Increased concentration of 2,3-BPG in Fetal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of 2,3-BPG affect the binding of oxygen to maternal hemoglobin?

    <p>It decreases oxygen binding to maternal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2,3-BPG in oxygen transport across the placenta?

    <p>Enhances the release of oxygen from fetal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) deliver bound oxygen to tissues with lower partial pressures?

    <p>To ensure adequate oxygen supply to fetal tissues with lower oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural difference between Fetal hemoglobin and normal adult hemoglobin contributes to higher fetal arterial oxygen pressures?

    <p>Increased number of gamma chains in Fetal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does myoglobin expression in whale muscle tissues differ from the function of HbF and HbA?

    <p>Myoglobin enhances oxygen storage unlike HbF and HbA</p> Signup and view all the answers

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