Respiratory System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of respiration in the body?

  • To facilitate gas exchange by providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To absorb nutrients from food
  • To produce hormones for growth

What is hypoxia?

  • A type of respiratory disease
  • A deficiency in the oxygen supply to the tissues (correct)
  • A condition of increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  • Normal oxygen levels in the blood

What happens during the process of diffusion in the respiratory system?

  • Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin for transport
  • Blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation
  • Oxygen moves from lungs to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs (correct)
  • Oxygen is actively transported into the muscle cells

Which of the following accurately describes the normal arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)?

<p>40 mm Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ventilation in the process of respiration?

<p>To facilitate the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major determinants of lung compliance?

<p>Stretchability of lung tissues and surface tension at air-water interfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surfactant have on smaller alveoli in the presence of larger alveoli?

<p>It prevents smaller alveoli from collapsing into larger alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the rate and depth of breathing relate to lung function?

<p>Both rate and depth of breathing can be increased (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when surface tension differences exist between alveoli of different sizes?

<p>There is no air flow between alveoli of different sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the effects of surfactant is correct?

<p>Surfactant assists in reducing surface tension at the alveolar surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation?

<p>Tidal volume × respiratory frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does alveolar ventilation differ from pulmonary ventilation?

<p>Alveolar ventilation is the volume exchanged at the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average volume of dead space in adults?

<p>150 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in humid air at 25°C?

<p>$P_{O2} = (P_{atm} - P_{H2O}) \times 21%$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, how much can tidal volume increase?

<p>3000 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily affects gas exchange in the alveoli?

<p>Alveolar ventilation and partial pressures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At 100% humidity and 37°C, what is the partial pressure of CO2?

<p>0.235 mm Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of anatomic dead space on alveolar ventilation?

<p>Decreases the effective tidal volume for gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lung compliance is true?

<p>Higher lung compliance allows for easier lung expansion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about oxygen transport in blood is correct?

<p>Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to the water vapor pressure (PH2O) in the air when the temperature increases from 25°C to 37°C?

<p>It increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct comparison of PO2 at 25°C and 37°C with 100% humidity?

<p>PO2 is higher at 25°C than at 37°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is maximal ventilation during intense exercise?

<p>280 L/min (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor mainly determines the partial pressure of gases in humid air compared to dry air?

<p>Water vapor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the process of ventilation, which pressure difference is primarily responsible for lung expansion?

<p>Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the alveolar pressure (Palv) at the end of an unforced expiration?

<p>Equal to atmospheric pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature?

<p>They are inversely proportional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the movement of gases occur in relation to pressure?

<p>From high pressure to low pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At sea level, what is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen?

<p>760 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of gas molecules in a given volume when altitude increases?

<p>It decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas composition of the air at sea level?

<p>79.04% N2, 0.03% CO2, 20.93% O2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the other gases' contributions to total pressure in humid air?

<p>They decrease due to water vapor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about partial pressures of gases is correct?

<p>They are constant regardless of altitude. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines elastic recoil in the respiratory system?

<p>The passive return of lungs to resting shape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas primarily contributes to the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

<p>Nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is maximal expiration typically characterized?

<p>Forced contraction of the abdominal muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ventilation

The process of moving air between the lungs and the atmosphere.

Alveolar Gas Exchange

The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Gas Transport

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood throughout the body.

Tissue Gas Exchange

The exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and the cells in the tissues.

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Cellular Respiration

The process of using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide within cells to generate energy.

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Pressure Gradient

The movement of gases or molecules from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

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Inspiration

The process of breathing in, or inhaling, air into the lungs.

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Expiration

The process of breathing out, or exhaling, air from the lungs.

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Intrapleural Pressure (Pip)

The pressure within the pleural cavity, the space between the lungs and the chest wall.

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Alveolar Pressure (Palv)

The pressure within the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs.

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Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)

The pressure of the air outside the body.

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Boyle's Law

The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas where pressure decreases as volume increases and vice versa.

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Partial Pressure

The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.

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Lung compliance

The ability of the lungs to stretch and expand during inhalation.

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Surface tension in alveoli

The force that opposes the expansion of the alveoli due to the attraction between water molecules.

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Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, making it easier for them to expand.

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Stretchability of lung tissues

The ability of the lung tissue to stretch and expand, contributing to lung compliance.

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Tidal volume

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.

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Partial Pressure of a gas

The pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases. It's the partial pressure of a specific gas in a mixture of gases. It represents the portion of the total pressure contributed by that individual gas. In the context of respiratory physiology, it refers to the partial pressure of gases like oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in different compartments of the respiratory system.

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Water Vapor Pressure (PH2O)

The pressure exerted by water vapor in a mixture of gases. It's the pressure that would be exerted by the water vapor if it were the only gas present. In the context of respiratory physiology, it's significant because it can influence the partial pressures of other gases, particularly in humid environments, like our airways.

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Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

The pressure of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP). For gases, STP is defined as 0 degrees Celsius (273.15 Kelvin) and 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure. It is often used as a reference point in gas calculations and comparisons.

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Body Temperature and Pressure (BTPS)

The pressure of a gas at body temperature and pressure (BTPS). This refers to the conditions found in the human body – 37 degrees Celsius (310 Kelvin) and 1 atm of pressure. BTPS is used for accurate measurement of gas volumes and pressures within the respiratory system.

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Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp)

The pressure difference between the inside of the alveoli (alveolar pressure) and the pressure in the pleural space (intrapleural pressure). It's the force that keeps the alveoli open during inspiration.

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Minute ventilation

The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs in one minute.

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Alveolar ventilation

The volume of air that reaches the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) in one minute. It's the effective amount of air involved in gas exchange.

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Anatomic dead space

The volume of air in the conducting airways (like the trachea and bronchi) that doesn't participate in gas exchange.

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Partial pressure gradient

The difference in partial pressure of a gas between two regions, like the air in the alveoli and the blood.

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Gas diffusion

The process of moving gas molecules from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure.

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Pulmonary gas exchange

The process of moving oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

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Study Notes

Chapter 13 Respiration

  • Normal Ventilation Values in Pulmonary Medicine
    • Total pulmonary ventilation: 6 L/min
    • Total alveolar ventilation: 4.2 L/min
    • Maximum voluntary ventilation: 125-170 L/min
    • Respiration rate: 12-20 breaths/min
    • Arterial Po₂: 95 mm Hg (85-100)
    • Arterial PCO₂: 40 mm Hg (35-45)
    • Arterial pH: 7.4 (7.38-7.42)
    • Venous Po₂: 40 mm Hg
    • Venous PCO₂: 46 mm Hg
    • Venous pH: 7.37

Objectives

  • Basic Values

  • Role of anatomy in function - zones, cells

  • Role of Physics - pressures, partial pressures

  • Role of breathing - gas exchange O2/CO2

  • Respiration Stressors/Diseases

  • The body needs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

  • Hypoxia - too little oxygen

  • Hypercapnia - increased concentrations of carbon dioxide

Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Transport

  • External respiration (pulmonary gas exchange)
    • Air (CO2) enters alveoli, at the alveolar-capillary interface.
    • Oxygen (O2) enters the blood at the alveolar-capillary interface.
    • Oxygen is transported in blood (dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs).
    • CO2 is transported dissolved, bound to hemoglobin, or as HCO3⁻.
    • CO2 diffuses out of the cells.
  • Internal respiration (tissue gas exchange)
    • Oxygen diffuses into the cells.
    • Cellular respiration determines metabolic CO2 production.

Respiratory System Organization

  • Figure 13.1 shows organization of the respiratory system.
  • Figure 13.2 illustrates airway branching.
  • Figure 13.3 shows the relationships between blood vessels and airways.
  • Figure 13.4 depicts a cross-section through an area of the respiratory zone.

Steps of Respiration

  • Ventilation: Exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli via bulk flow
  • Gas exchange: Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by diffusion
  • Transport: Transport of O₂ and CO₂ through pulmonary and systemic circulation by bulk flow
  • Gas Exchange: Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by diffusion
  • Cellular utilization: Cellular utilization of O₂ and production of CO2

Muscles of Normal and Maximal Inspiration and Expiration

  • Figure 13.14: Normal and maximal inspiration and expiration muscles
  • Diaphragm's Role in Breathing: Contraction increases chest cavity, reducing pressure for inhalation; relaxation lowers pressure for exhalation
  • Figure 13.14c: Normal, resting expiration
  • Figure 13.14d: Maximal expiration

Sequence of Events During Inspiration and Expiration

  • Figure 13.12-13: Sequence of events during Inspiration and Expiration
    • Pressure changes relate to movement of air into and out of alveoli
  • Figure 13.5: Relationship of lungs, pleura, and thoracic wall, showing air movement analogy to pushing a fist into a fluid-filled balloon

Relationships Required for Ventilation

  • Figure 13.7: Describes atmospheric pressure relationships between air in lungs and outside atmosphere
    • Air pressure difference between the air inside and out of the lungs determines direction of airflow

Boyle's Law

  • Figure 13.8: Relationship between pressure and volume exerted by a fixed number of gas molecules
  • In a closed system, pressure of a gas and the volume of its container are inversely proportional

Partial Pressures of Atmospheric Gases

  • Dry Air percentages and pressures: N2 = 79.04%, O2 = 20.93%, CO2 = .03%
  • Air pressure at sea level: 760 mmHg or 1 atm
  • Partial pressures of gases in dry and humid air at various temperatures (13.17, 13.18, etc)
  • Pressure difference (flow) between high and low pressure

Partial Pressures of Blood Gases

  • Figure 13.21: Partial pressures of CO₂ and O₂ in inspired air

Effects of Increasing or Decreasing Alveolar Ventilation

  • Figure 13.22: Relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar partial pressures

Local Control of Ventilation-Perfusion Matching

  • Figure 13.24: Ventilation-perfusion matching relating to perfusion and airflow.

Hemoglobin's Role in Oxygen Transport

  • Figure 13.25: Hemoglobin structure- oxygen binding.
  • Figure 13.26: Hemoglobin dissociation curve

Effects of Various Factors on Hemoglobin

  • Figure 13.27: Changes in hemoglobin saturation related to DPG, temperature, H+, and PCO2

  • Role of factors affecting oxygen binding, such as PCO2, temperature, 2,3-BPG

  • Shape change relationship to curves, and oxygen unloading in the tissues

Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem

  • Figure 13.32- Depiction of the brainstem centers that control respiratory rate and depth: medullary center, dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG). Pontine respiratory group centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic center)

Major Stimuli for Chemoreceptors

  • Peripheral and central chemoreceptors - respond to pH or gas pressures in arterial blood: changes in arterial P02 and PCO2, H+ concentration

Clinical Applications for Ventilation

  • Figure 13.34: Effect on ventilation of breathing different oxygen mixtures shows relationship between PO2 and minute ventilation
  • Definition of Hypoxia
  • Classification of Hypoxia (hypoxic, anemic, ischemic, histotoxic) and the causes of hypoxic hypoxia
  • Causes of decreased arterial Po2: (hypoventilation, diffusion impairment, shunts, ventilation-perfusion inequality)

Other Relevant Topics

  • Respiration: terms and values, structures, gas exchange 02/CO2
  • Lung Volumes and Capacities
  • Effects of Breathing Patterns on Alveolar Ventilation
  • Control of Breathing (basics), Respiration Stressors/Diseases, and Clinical Applications
  • The Airways, Ciliary Mucous Escalator, the Pleura
  • Lung Compliance and Surfactant
  • Normal Gas Pressures (Arterial, Venous, Alveolar, Atmosphere)

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