Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of respiration in the body?

  • To facilitate gas exchange by providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To absorb nutrients from food
  • To produce hormones for growth

    • What is hypoxia?

  • A type of respiratory disease
  • A deficiency in the oxygen supply to the tissues (correct)
  • A condition of increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  • Normal oxygen levels in the blood

    • What happens during the process of diffusion in the respiratory system?

  • Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin for transport
  • Blood carries carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation
  • Oxygen moves from lungs to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to lungs (correct)
  • Oxygen is actively transported into the muscle cells

    • Which of the following accurately describes the normal arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)?

    <p>40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ventilation in the process of respiration?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major determinants of lung compliance?

    <p>Stretchability of lung tissues and surface tension at air-water interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does surfactant have on smaller alveoli in the presence of larger alveoli?

    <p>It prevents smaller alveoli from collapsing into larger alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rate and depth of breathing relate to lung function?

    <p>Both rate and depth of breathing can be increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when surface tension differences exist between alveoli of different sizes?

    <p>There is no air flow between alveoli of different sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the effects of surfactant is correct?

    <p>Surfactant assists in reducing surface tension at the alveolar surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation?

    <p>Tidal volume × respiratory frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does alveolar ventilation differ from pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Alveolar ventilation is the volume exchanged at the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of dead space in adults?

    <p>150 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in humid air at 25°C?

    <p>$P_{O2} = (P_{atm} - P_{H2O}) \times 21%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exercise, how much can tidal volume increase?

    <p>3000 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily affects gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Alveolar ventilation and partial pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 100% humidity and 37°C, what is the partial pressure of CO2?

    <p>0.235 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of anatomic dead space on alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Decreases the effective tidal volume for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lung compliance is true?

    <p>Higher lung compliance allows for easier lung expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about oxygen transport in blood is correct?

    <p>Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to the water vapor pressure (PH2O) in the air when the temperature increases from 25°C to 37°C?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct comparison of PO2 at 25°C and 37°C with 100% humidity?

    <p>PO2 is higher at 25°C than at 37°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is maximal ventilation during intense exercise?

    <p>280 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor mainly determines the partial pressure of gases in humid air compared to dry air?

    <p>Water vapor pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of ventilation, which pressure difference is primarily responsible for lung expansion?

    <p>Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the alveolar pressure (Palv) at the end of an unforced expiration?

    <p>Equal to atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature?

    <p>They are inversely proportional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the movement of gases occur in relation to pressure?

    <p>From high pressure to low pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At sea level, what is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases including nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen?

    <p>760 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of gas molecules in a given volume when altitude increases?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas composition of the air at sea level?

    <p>79.04% N2, 0.03% CO2, 20.93% O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the other gases' contributions to total pressure in humid air?

    <p>They decrease due to water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about partial pressures of gases is correct?

    <p>They are constant regardless of altitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines elastic recoil in the respiratory system?

    <p>The passive return of lungs to resting shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas primarily contributes to the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is maximal expiration typically characterized?

    <p>Forced contraction of the abdominal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 13 Respiration

    • Normal Ventilation Values in Pulmonary Medicine
      • Total pulmonary ventilation: 6 L/min
      • Total alveolar ventilation: 4.2 L/min
      • Maximum voluntary ventilation: 125-170 L/min
      • Respiration rate: 12-20 breaths/min
      • Arterial Po₂: 95 mm Hg (85-100)
      • Arterial PCO₂: 40 mm Hg (35-45)
      • Arterial pH: 7.4 (7.38-7.42)
      • Venous Po₂: 40 mm Hg
      • Venous PCO₂: 46 mm Hg
      • Venous pH: 7.37

    Objectives

    • Basic Values

    • Role of anatomy in function - zones, cells

    • Role of Physics - pressures, partial pressures

    • Role of breathing - gas exchange O2/CO2

    • Respiration Stressors/Diseases

    • The body needs oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

    • Hypoxia - too little oxygen

    • Hypercapnia - increased concentrations of carbon dioxide

    Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Transport

    • External respiration (pulmonary gas exchange)
      • Air (CO2) enters alveoli, at the alveolar-capillary interface.
      • Oxygen (O2) enters the blood at the alveolar-capillary interface.
      • Oxygen is transported in blood (dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs).
      • CO2 is transported dissolved, bound to hemoglobin, or as HCO3⁻.
      • CO2 diffuses out of the cells.
    • Internal respiration (tissue gas exchange)
      • Oxygen diffuses into the cells.
      • Cellular respiration determines metabolic CO2 production.

    Respiratory System Organization

    • Figure 13.1 shows organization of the respiratory system.
    • Figure 13.2 illustrates airway branching.
    • Figure 13.3 shows the relationships between blood vessels and airways.
    • Figure 13.4 depicts a cross-section through an area of the respiratory zone.

    Steps of Respiration

    • Ventilation: Exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli via bulk flow
    • Gas exchange: Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between alveolar air and blood in lung capillaries by diffusion
    • Transport: Transport of O₂ and CO₂ through pulmonary and systemic circulation by bulk flow
    • Gas Exchange: Exchange of O₂ and CO₂ between blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by diffusion
    • Cellular utilization: Cellular utilization of O₂ and production of CO2

    Muscles of Normal and Maximal Inspiration and Expiration

    • Figure 13.14: Normal and maximal inspiration and expiration muscles
    • Diaphragm's Role in Breathing: Contraction increases chest cavity, reducing pressure for inhalation; relaxation lowers pressure for exhalation
    • Figure 13.14c: Normal, resting expiration
    • Figure 13.14d: Maximal expiration

    Sequence of Events During Inspiration and Expiration

    • Figure 13.12-13: Sequence of events during Inspiration and Expiration
      • Pressure changes relate to movement of air into and out of alveoli
    • Figure 13.5: Relationship of lungs, pleura, and thoracic wall, showing air movement analogy to pushing a fist into a fluid-filled balloon

    Relationships Required for Ventilation

    • Figure 13.7: Describes atmospheric pressure relationships between air in lungs and outside atmosphere
      • Air pressure difference between the air inside and out of the lungs determines direction of airflow

    Boyle's Law

    • Figure 13.8: Relationship between pressure and volume exerted by a fixed number of gas molecules
    • In a closed system, pressure of a gas and the volume of its container are inversely proportional

    Partial Pressures of Atmospheric Gases

    • Dry Air percentages and pressures: N2 = 79.04%, O2 = 20.93%, CO2 = .03%
    • Air pressure at sea level: 760 mmHg or 1 atm
    • Partial pressures of gases in dry and humid air at various temperatures (13.17, 13.18, etc)
    • Pressure difference (flow) between high and low pressure

    Partial Pressures of Blood Gases

    • Figure 13.21: Partial pressures of CO₂ and O₂ in inspired air

    Effects of Increasing or Decreasing Alveolar Ventilation

    • Figure 13.22: Relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar partial pressures

    Local Control of Ventilation-Perfusion Matching

    • Figure 13.24: Ventilation-perfusion matching relating to perfusion and airflow.

    Hemoglobin's Role in Oxygen Transport

    • Figure 13.25: Hemoglobin structure- oxygen binding.
    • Figure 13.26: Hemoglobin dissociation curve

    Effects of Various Factors on Hemoglobin

    • Figure 13.27: Changes in hemoglobin saturation related to DPG, temperature, H+, and PCO2

    • Role of factors affecting oxygen binding, such as PCO2, temperature, 2,3-BPG

    • Shape change relationship to curves, and oxygen unloading in the tissues

    Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem

    • Figure 13.32- Depiction of the brainstem centers that control respiratory rate and depth: medullary center, dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG). Pontine respiratory group centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic center)

    Major Stimuli for Chemoreceptors

    • Peripheral and central chemoreceptors - respond to pH or gas pressures in arterial blood: changes in arterial P02 and PCO2, H+ concentration

    Clinical Applications for Ventilation

    • Figure 13.34: Effect on ventilation of breathing different oxygen mixtures shows relationship between PO2 and minute ventilation
    • Definition of Hypoxia
    • Classification of Hypoxia (hypoxic, anemic, ischemic, histotoxic) and the causes of hypoxic hypoxia
    • Causes of decreased arterial Po2: (hypoventilation, diffusion impairment, shunts, ventilation-perfusion inequality)

    Other Relevant Topics

    • Respiration: terms and values, structures, gas exchange 02/CO2
    • Lung Volumes and Capacities
    • Effects of Breathing Patterns on Alveolar Ventilation
    • Control of Breathing (basics), Respiration Stressors/Diseases, and Clinical Applications
    • The Airways, Ciliary Mucous Escalator, the Pleura
    • Lung Compliance and Surfactant
    • Normal Gas Pressures (Arterial, Venous, Alveolar, Atmosphere)

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    Chapter 13 - Respiration PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key functions and processes of the respiratory system. This quiz covers topics such as respiration, hypoxia, diffusion, and the role of ventilation. Brush up on your understanding of lung mechanics and surfactant effects.

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