Questions and Answers
What happens to alveolar pressure when the volume of air in the lungs increases?
Which muscles are primarily involved in lifting the first two ribs during inhalation?
What effect does the pleural fluid have on the lungs within the thoracic cavity?
During expiration, which muscle is NOT typically engaged?
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What is the state of pleural pressure at rest when no air is flowing into the lungs?
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What is the primary factor affecting transmural pressure across the chest wall?
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What does lung compliance measure?
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What is the average total compliance of both lungs together based on transpulmonary pressure?
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What would be the effect of saline fluid in the alveoli on lung function?
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How is transpulmonary pressure adjusted during ventilation?
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What is the compliance value of the combined lung-thorax system?
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During quiet breathing, what happens to the muscles of respiration during expiration?
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What does the work of breathing primarily define?
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What is nearly half the compliance of the lungs when considered alone?
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What type of system does spirometry evaluate?
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How is the compliance of the entire pulmonary system measured?
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Which of the following best describes the role of O2 and CO2 electrodes in spirometry?
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What primarily causes the elastic recoil during expiration?
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What primarily keeps the airways open in the larger bronchi and bronchioles?
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What role does the mucus layer play in the respiratory passages?
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Which structural components are primarily responsible for keeping the trachea open?
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What is the maximum size of microparticles that can be effectively trapped by the mucus layer in the respiratory tree?
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What type of bronchoconstriction is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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What is the volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs after maximum inhalation?
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Which pulmonary capacity is equivalent to the sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?
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Which of the following statements about pulmonary volumes is incorrect?
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What is the typical value of the Inspiratory Reserve Volume in an adult male?
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What is the definition of Total Lung Capacity?
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Which pulmonary volume represents the air that cannot be forcibly expired from the lungs?
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Which of the following volumes is typically less in women compared to men?
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What is the approximate volume of the Expiratory Reserve Volume in an adult male?
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Study Notes
Mechanics of Respiration
- Changes in pleural pressure coincide with increased lung air volume, from 0 to approximately 0.5 liters.
- Scaleni muscles assist in lifting the first two ribs during breathing.
- Alveolar pressure at rest has a slight negative pressure aiding lung inflation, which rises to 0 cm of water with increased air volume, equalizing with atmospheric pressure.
Transmural Pressure
- Transmural pressure (Pw) is generated by the difference between pleural pressure (Ppl) and surrounding atmospheric pressure (Pb).
- Lung compliance refers to how much the lungs expand with each unit of transpulmonary pressure, averaging 200 mL of air per 1 cm of water.
Lung Compliance and Thoracic Cage
- Lung-thorax system compliance is approximately half of lung-only compliance.
- Combined system compliance is 110 mL/cm, while lungs alone are 220 mL/cm.
- Measurement occurs with relaxed or paralyzed subjects to assess the pulmonary system’s compliance.
Spirometry and Work of Breathing
- Spirometry evaluates lung volume changes—essential for understanding pulmonary ventilation.
- During quiet breathing, respiratory muscles contract for inspiration, with passive relaxation for expiration due to elastic recoil.
- Work against resistance is central to breathing effort; assessed through oxygen and carbon dioxide electrodes.
Pulmonary Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of air with each normal breath, averaging 500 mL in adult males.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): 3000 mL, inspired above normal tidal volume.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): 1100 mL, maximum extra air expired after normal tidal expiration.
- Residual Volume (RV): 1200 mL of air remains post-forceful expiration, not removable via regular breathing.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is about 5800 mL, combining vital capacity and residual volume.
- Pulmonary volumes vary, being 20-25% less in women and higher in athletic individuals.
Respiratory Passage Function
- Airways, including trachea and bronchi, are supported by cartilage rings, maintaining openness.
- Smaller bronchioles mainly rely on transpulmonary pressure for patency as they contain smooth muscle only.
- Mucus lining throughout respiratory pathways traps microparticles and keeps epithelium moist.
- Ciliary action clears passageways, ensuring efficient respiratory function despite potential bronchoconstriction.
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Description
This quiz delves into the anatomy and mechanics of respiration, focusing on the role of muscles during inhalation and exhalation. It highlights the intricate relationship between pleural pressure changes and lung volume. Perfect for students studying respiratory physiology.