Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when oxygen tension is high?

  • Hemoglobin takes up oxygen easily. (correct)
  • Hemoglobin becomes inactive.
  • Hemoglobin releases more oxygen.
  • Hemoglobin exhibits a lower affinity for oxygen.

What is the significance of the steep region of the S-shaped curve?

  • It represents a constant level of oxygen binding.
  • It shows no change in oxygen delivery.
  • It indicates low efficiency in oxygen delivery.
  • A small drop in oxygen tension results in a sharp fall in % O2 saturation. (correct)

According to the Bohr Effect, which factor does NOT inversely affect hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity?

  • Oxygen concentration (correct)
  • Concentration of CO2
  • Temperature
  • pH

When oxygen tension is low, what is the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

<p>Hemoglobin exhibits a low affinity for oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does inhaling carbon monoxide (CO) have on hemoglobin's oxygen binding?

<p>It decreases oxygen uptake significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pleural cavity?

<p>To reduce friction during lung inflation and deflation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of respiratory surfaces enables maximum rate of diffusion?

<p>Permeable membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes alveoli?

<p>Air sacs surrounded by capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cell layers thick is the respiratory surface in humans?

<p>One cell thick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the lungs with the pulmonary vessels?

<p>Hilum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bronchi play in the respiratory system?

<p>Transportation of air to and from the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the water film in the alveoli?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange through diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the respiratory surface?

<p>Thick lining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air flows along the pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the lungs and from the lungs to the atmosphere. What term describes this process?

<p>Ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences airway resistance by changing the diameter of bronchioles?

<p>Bronchodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bronchoconstriction on air flow?

<p>It decreases air flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In conditions like emphysema, what happens to the elastic tissue of the lungs?

<p>It becomes damaged, reducing elastic recoil. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance produced by the epithelium is crucial for maintaining the patency of alveoli?

<p>Surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers bronchodilation?

<p>Epinephrine stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition could arise from an anaphylactic shock affecting airway resistance?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does connective tissue play in respiratory function?

<p>It affects the lungs' ability to expand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason infants with respiratory distress syndrome struggle to inflate their alveoli?

<p>They lack surfactant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain regulates the respiratory center?

<p>Brainstem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried dissolved in plasma?

<p>5% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

<p>As carbonic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms when carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups of proteins and hemoglobin?

<p>Carbaminohemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the transport of carbon dioxide?

<p>It catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the binding of carbon dioxide and oxygen to hemoglobin is correct?

<p>Oxygen and carbon dioxide do not compete for the same binding sites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reversible reaction involving carbon dioxide and water that forms bicarbonate?

<p>CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin contain?

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the iron atom in haemoglobin?

<p>To bind oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you expect haemoglobin to have a low affinity for oxygen?

<p>At the tissues where oxygen is needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the strength of haemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

<p>Partial pressure of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the oxygen dissociation curve when % O2 saturation is plotted against oxygen tension?

<p>S-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'partial pressure' refer to?

<p>The pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for haemoglobin to have a high affinity for oxygen in certain areas?

<p>To maximize uptake from the air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if haemoglobin has too high an affinity for oxygen?

<p>Reduced oxygen uptake from the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the serous membranes in the intrapleural cavity?

<p>To secrete fluid to reduce friction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intrapleural cavity during lung inflation?

<p>The two membranes are in contact at many places (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture?

<p>The movement of gas molecules against a surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What remains relatively unchanged in alveolar air?

<p>The composition of alveolar air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pulmonary artery in the cardiovascular system?

<p>To deliver deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during gas exchange at the alveolar surface?

<p>Gases move according to their concentration gradients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the intrapleural cavity to be a sealed potential space?

<p>To ensure the lungs can expand without obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'partial pressure' refer to in a gas mixture?

<p>Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Airflow and Pressure Gradient

Movement of air from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Bronchodilation

The widening of the airways, allowing for easier airflow.

Bronchoconstriction

The narrowing of the airways, making airflow more difficult.

Epinephrine

A hormone that causes bronchodilation, leading to increased airflow.

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Elasticity of the Lungs

The ability of the lungs to expand and contract easily.

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Surfactant

A substance produced by the lungs that helps keep the airways open and prevents them from collapsing.

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Emphysema

A condition where the alveoli are overinflated due to damage from cigarette smoke, making it difficult to exhale.

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Anaphylactic Shock

A serious, life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause bronchoconstriction and difficulty breathing.

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Intrapleural Cavity

The potential space located between the parietal and visceral pleura.

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Pleural cavity

The space between the lung and chest wall, containing a lubricating fluid to reduce friction during breathing.

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Pleural Fluid

A thin, slippery fluid secreted by the serous membranes lining the intrapleural cavity, it reduces friction between the lung and chest wall.

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Pleura

A thin membrane that lines the chest wall and covers the lungs. It creates a sealed space.

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Partial Pressure

The pressure that a specific gas exerts within a gas mixture.

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Bronchi and Bronchioles

The branching airways in the lungs, starting with the trachea and becoming smaller and narrower.

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Alveoli

The small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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Gas Exchange

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs.

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Hilum of the lung

The site where the blood vessels and bronchi enter and exit the lungs. It is a kind of 'gateway' for the lung.

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Alveoli

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Pulmonary Capillaries

Thin-walled blood vessels in the lungs that facilitate gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

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Inflation

The process of breathing in, where air enters the lungs. The lungs expand to accommodate the incoming air.

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Oxygen Partial Pressure Gradient

The pressure difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli and the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

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Deflation

The process of breathing out, where air leaves the lungs. The lungs shrink in size.

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Respiratory surface

The area within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood. It includes the alveoli and their surrounding capillaries.

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Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Gradient

The pressure difference between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

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Oxygen dissociation curve

The relationship between the oxygen tension (partial pressure of oxygen) and the percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. A small drop in oxygen tension leads to a steep drop in hemoglobin's oxygen saturation.

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Bohr Effect

The ability of hemoglobin to release more oxygen when the pH is lower, carbon dioxide concentration is higher, or the temperature is higher.

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Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Hemoglobin readily binds to oxygen in the lungs where oxygen tension is high, and releases it in the tissues where oxygen tension is low.

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Significance of the oxygen dissociation curve

The S-shaped curve of the oxygen dissociation curve is important because a small drop in oxygen tension leads to a significant release of oxygen from hemoglobin. This allows for efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues that need it.

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Carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen, leading to a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

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Where is the Respiratory Center located?

The respiratory center is located in the brainstem and controls breathing by regulating the contraction of muscles involved in inhalation and exhalation.

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What does the Respiratory Center do?

The breathing center ensures that our body receives enough oxygen while expelling excess carbon dioxide. It monitors blood oxygen levels and carbon dioxide levels, making adjustments to breathing to maintain homeostasis.

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How is Carbon Dioxide transported in the blood?

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: dissolved in plasma (5%), bound to proteins (20%), and as carbonic acid (75%).

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Explain the role of carbonic acid in CO2 transport.

When carbon dioxide enters the blood, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which is then transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).

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What is carbonic anhydrase?

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water, forming carbonic acid.

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Why is the reaction between CO2 and water reversible?

The reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid is reversible, enabling efficient CO2 transport and release.

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What happens in Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)?

Without surfactant, infants are unable to inflate their alveoli because their lungs are not strong enough to overcome the surface tension.

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What is surfactant?

Surfactant is a substance produced in the lungs that reduces surface tension, making it easier for alveoli to inflate and preventing them from collapsing.

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Partial Pressure of a Gas

The pressure exerted by a specific gas within a mixture of gases.

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Oxygen Saturation of Blood

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin, expressed as a percentage of the total hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Hemoglobin's Adaptive Oxygen Binding

Hemoglobin's ability to readily bind oxygen in the lungs, where oxygen partial pressure is high, and release oxygen in tissues, where oxygen partial pressure is low. This ensures efficient oxygen delivery.

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Hemoglobin

The molecule responsible for oxygen transport in the blood. It contains four heme groups, each with an iron atom that can bind one oxygen molecule.

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Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin

The iron atom within the heme group of hemoglobin binds to oxygen, enabling the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.

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Oxygen Diffusion

The process of oxygen moving from an area of high partial pressure (like the lungs) to an area of low partial pressure (like the body tissues), driven by the pressure gradient.

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory System

  • Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be exchanged for cells to remain healthy
  • Lungs provide a respiratory exchange surface for diffusion between air and blood
  • Cardiovascular system links interstitial fluid and lung exchange surfaces
  • Circulating blood carries oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • Diffusion across capillary walls in alveoli (1µm distance) efficiently facilitates gas exchange
  • Lung exchange surfaces are ~80 times the body's total surface area, large due to metabolic demands

Respiratory System Function

  • Bulk flow of air/water: from high to low pressure
  • Simple diffusion: from high to low concentration

Conducting Zone Structures

  • Oral cavity
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli

Trachea and Bronchi Structure

  • C-shaped cartilage supports the trachea
  • Bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles
  • Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs

Pleura and Pleural Cavity

  • Serous membranes encasing the lungs (visceral and parietal pleura)
  • Pleural cavity contains fluid to reduce friction during breathing

Gas Exchange at Alveoli

  • Gases diffuse across thin alveolar surfaces
  • Oxygen dissolves in water film in alveoli
  • Oxygen diffuses into blood, CO2 diffuses out (high to low concentration gradients)
  • Permeable, thin (1 cell thick), moist surfaces allow efficient gas exchange

Ventilation Mechanism

  • Inspiration (breathing in) involves muscle contractions increasing lung volume, decreasing pressure, and pulling air into the lungs
  • Expiration (breathing out) is primarily a passive process, using elastic recoil of the thorax to decrease lung volume, and increase pressure forcing air out.

Factors Affecting Airway Resistance

  • Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction affect airflow
  • Influences of various stimuli (i.e., epinephrine, cold air etc.)

Connective Tissue & Surface Tension

  • Emphysema (damage to elastic tissue) hinders exhalation
  • Surfactant (oily secretion) in alveoli prevents collapse during exhalation

Neural Control of Breathing

  • Respiratory centre in brainstem controls breathing rate
  • Chemoreceptors monitor pH and CO2 levels, adjusting breathing as needed

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

  • Dissolved gas (5%), combined with proteins (20%), and carbonic acid (75%)
  • Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin but not where oxygen binds

Transport of Oxygen

  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen, with affinity varying with partial pressures and temperature

Bohr Effect

  • Hemoglobin's oxygen affinity decreases with increased CO2, temperature, and lower pH
  • Shifting of oxygen dissociation curve to the right (Bohr effect) allows for more oxygen release into tissues

Myoglobin

  • Muscle protein with a high oxygen affinity, storing oxygen
  • Facilitates oxygen delivery to active muscle tissue

Fetal Hemoglobin

  • Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, enabling efficient oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the human respiratory system with this quiz. Explore topics like hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, the Bohr Effect, and the structure and function of respiratory surfaces. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding.

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