Respiratory System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mucus-producing cells in the upper respiratory tract?

To produce pulmonary surfactant

To trap bacteria and particles (correct)

To facilitate gas exchange

To produce sound for speech

Which structure provides support in the middle respiratory tract?

Larynx

Alveoli

Trachea (correct)

Bronchioli

What mixture is produced by the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing?

Alveolar fluid

Mucus

Air sac fluid

Pulmonary surfactant (correct)

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pleura covering the lungs?

To enable smooth movement during respiration Signup and view all the answers

What might be necessary for treating chronic bronchitis if a bacterial infection is present?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of emphysema?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the destruction of alveoli in emphysema?

Impaired gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lungs?

To facilitate respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree?

Bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to identify hyperinflation in emphysema?

CXR Signup and view all the answers

What triggers asthma symptoms in hypersensitive airways?

Exercise or psychological stress Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a common cold?

Viral infection of the nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is dyspnea?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infection is commonly associated with pneumonia?

Streptococcus Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a viral upper respiratory infection spreading to the middle ear?

Otitis media Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchial arteries responsible for supplying?

Nutrients for the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for coughing out blood?

Hemoptysis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths did cardiovascular disease account for in 2010?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions was reported as the second most common non-fatal condition in the UAE?

Respiratory infections Signup and view all the answers

Which gas makes up the largest percentage of air?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of air is oxygen?

20.9% Signup and view all the answers

What prevalent factor increases the risk of respiratory disorders in the UAE population?

Urbanization and traffic congestion Signup and view all the answers

By 2020, what was projected regarding the incidence of all cancers?

It would double Signup and view all the answers

What role do the lungs primarily serve in the human body?

To provide gas exchange between inspired air and blood Signup and view all the answers

During which year was the significant health issue analysis performed on the United Arab Emirates?

2010 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of lung cancer in most cases?

Cigarette smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is associated with the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion in lung cancer?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What pulmonary function symptom is most commonly associated with asthma?

Wheezing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of lung cancer?

Coughing fits Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a severe complication of asthma?

Status asthmaticus Signup and view all the answers

At what age is lung cancer most commonly rare?

Before age 40 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lung cancers is classified as adenocarcinoma?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is NOT typically used for lung cancer detection?

Pulmonary function tests Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following management techniques is commonly used for lung cancer?

Chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What role does the bat play in relation to SARS-CoV-2?

Natural reservoir for the virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common way COVID-19 spreads?

Inhaling airborne particles from an infected person's mouth or nose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a less common symptom of COVID-19?

Loss of taste or smell Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is preferred for the direct diagnosis of COVID-19?

Molecular methods to detect viral RNA Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention measure is recommended for reducing COVID-19 transmission?

Social distancing of at least 1 meter Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious symptom of COVID-19?

Loss of speech or mobility Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for symptoms of COVID-19 to show after infection?

5-6 days Signup and view all the answers

What does serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 assess?

Immune response to the virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for preventing COVID-19?

Gather in large crowds indoors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory Disorders

Respiratory disorders are a significant health concern in the UAE, often the second most common non-life-threatening condition.
In 2010, respiratory infections accounted for nearly 15% of all healthcare encounters.
The high risk for respiratory issues in the UAE is due to increased urbanization, reliance on motorized transport, traffic congestion, dust storms and rapid expansion of construction.
Some common respiratory disorders are presented in the following subsections.

Common Respiratory Infections

Common Cold: Viral infection of the nasopharynx.
Pharyngitis: Caused by viruses or Streptococcus (strep throat).
Otitis Media: Viral upper respiratory infections (URIs) spreading to the middle ear, causing edema and Eustachian tube obstruction resulting in fluid accumulation. Can become superinfected with bacteria.

Lower Respiratory Infections

Pneumonia: Acute infection of the lungs by bacteria (like Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus), or less commonly viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites.
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree. Acute bronchitis is typically viral; bacterial infection may also occur.
Tuberculosis: Acute or chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to granulomas, fibrosis and cavitation.

Pneumonia - Terminology

Dyspnea: Shortness of breath.
Tachypnea: Rapid breathing.
Expectoration: Coughing out phlegm ("wet cough").
Prostration: Weakness, fatigue, apathy.
Hemoptysis: Blood in the sputum.
Debilitated: Weak, chronically ill.
Virulent: A strong pathogen.

Pneumonia - Pathogenesis

Pathogens can reach the lungs via inhalation (breathing in germs).
Aspiration (breathing in germs with fluid), including infected secretions, or infected gastric juices, foods or drinks.
Hematogenous spread - transfer through blood.

Pneumonia - Pathology

Exudate results from pathogenic invasion.
Exudate accumulates in the airways and alveoli;
Air spaces become consolidated (denser than air) which is visible on an X-ray.

Pneumonia - Signs and Symptoms

Systemic signs of infection (e.g., high fever, chills, prostration).
Local infection signs (e.g., secretion of mucus, cough, chest pain).
Airways obstruction (e.g., dyspnea, tachypnea).
Tissue inflammation and destruction (e.g., exudate causing tissue destruction and bleeding, purulent mucus, rusty sputum, hemoptysis).

Diagnostic Tests (Pneumonia)

Chest X-ray: Identify high exudate levels.
Sputum gram stain & culture: Identifies bacteria or virus.
Blood tests: High white blood cell count (WBC) in bacterial pneumonia.

Pneumonia - Complications

Pleuritis: Inflammation of the pleural surfaces with pus buildup.
Abscess: Destruction and dilation of bronchial walls due to pus.
Chronic Lung Disease: Lung tissue destruction causing fibrosis (honeycomb lungs).

Pneumonia - Treatment

The primary goal is antibiotic treatment to destroy the bacterial cause along with supportive care for lung function.
Antibiotics: Targeted for specific bacteria
Respiratory Support: Humidified oxygen, Mechanical ventilation (for severe cases), High calorie diet for recovery, High fluid intake
Rest: Bed rest
Environment: Quiet, calm environment. Promoting deep breathing and coughing with the use of analgesics for pain relief.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

A chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Types of TB -Pulmonary TB – Tuberculous pneumonia -Extrapulmonary TB
Different methods of spread include lymphatic, blood, and airways; swallowed into the GI tract.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) - Signs & Symptoms

Low-grade fever.
Dry cough (initially).
Anorexia (loss of appetite).
Night sweats.
Weight loss.
Dyspnea & hemoptysis (later stages)

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) - Tests and Investigations

CXR: Chest X-ray
Chest CT Scan: Detailed imaging.
Sputum Exam: Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculin Test (skin test): Not fully conclusive.
Immunization – BCG vaccine: Prevention method.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) - Treatment

Multiple drugs including Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide
Long-term treatment (typically 6 months to 2 years).
Resistant TB forms are challenging to treat.

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)

Largely a consequence of smoking , with exacerbations and remissions.
Includes: -Chronic Bronchitis: Productive cough for 3 months of the year for 2 or more consecutive years
- Emphysema: Abnormal permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls; without obvious fibrosis.

Chronic Bronchitis - Signs and Symptoms

Productive cough for at least 3 months of the year for 2 or more consecutive years
Hyperactivity of mucus glands that causes inflammation and narrowing of airways
Factors such as smoking, air pollution, cold climates are possible causes
May develop into pneumonia

Chronic Bronchitis - Treatment

Diagnostic Tests: Physical exam, X-ray (CXR), and sputum culture
Treatment: Antibiotics (if bacterial infections are involved) and physiotherapy for better expectoration.

Emphysema - Signs and Symptoms

Chronic cough
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
COPD exacerbations (acute) may lead to a quickening of symptoms and include respiratory distress, sputum production and worsening cough

Emphysema - Pathophysiology

Bronchoconstriction: Airways obstruction; sputum production; cough
Destruction of alveoli: Impaired gas exchange; difficult exhalation.
Hyperinflation of lungs

Emphysema - Treatment

Diagnostic tests: CXR to show hyperinflation, Pulmonary function tests
Management: Treat symptoms. Stop smoking (symptoms are likely to continue.)

Asthma

Airways obstruction (bronchoconstriction) in response to allergens or stimuli (e.g. plant pollens, chemicals, exercise, psychological stress, bronchial infection, aspirin sensitivity).

Asthma - Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms often begin before age 10.
Wheezing (due to bronchospasm), dyspnea, cough

Asthma - Management

Treat symptoms with bronchodilators (inhaler).
Status Asthmaticus is serious; repeated severe bronchospasm needing urgent medical intervention.

Lung Cancer

Malignant tumor growth in bronchial tissue or lung.
Common cause is cigarette smoking.
Lung cancer is rare before age 40.
Some lung cancers produce hormones (paraneoplastic syndromes), which can have varied clinical effects.

Lung Cancer - Signs & Symptoms

Cough
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Hemoptysis
Chest pain
Hoarseness
Weight loss
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, due to tumor compressing the esophagus).

Lung Cancer - Diagnosis

Diagnostic tests: Chest X-ray (CXR), CT scan, MRI, Tumor biopsy (possibly including bronchoscopy)
Classification by microscopic appearance: Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Large-cell carcinoma, Small-cell carcinoma, and carcinoids.

Lung Cancer - Management

Lung cancer management is often challenging, with limited effective treatment options in many cases.
Treatment methods : Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy.
Metastasis (spread to other sites) is a major complication.

COVID-19

Coronavirus disease.
Primarily spread by airborne particles from an infected person, such as when they cough, sneeze, speak, or breathe.
Impacts vary significantly, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms (frequently managing at home) and others needing hospitalization.
Treatment and prevention strategies include vaccination, social distancing, mask wearing, and managing mild cases at home; for serious symptoms, seeking prompt medical support.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key functions and structures of the respiratory system. This quiz covers topics from lung functions, diseases, to symptoms associated with respiratory conditions. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or health sciences.