Respiratory System Quiz Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

To close the airway and prevent food from entering (correct)

To allow sound to be produced

To open the larynx for air passage

To increase airflow to the trachea

Which structure carries air directly to the alveoli?

Bronchioles (correct)

Bronchi

Larynx

Trachea

According to Boyle's Law, what happens to pressure when the volume of a gas increases?

Pressure remains constant

Pressure fluctuates unpredictably

Pressure decreases (correct)

Pressure increases

During inhalation, which muscles primarily contract to facilitate breathing?

Diaphragm and external intercostals Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

To protect against pathogens and foreign particles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume of the lungs during exhalation?

Decreases as the diaphragm relaxes Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory volume represents air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration?

Residual Volume Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during breathing?

Expands the volume of the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the expiratory reserve refer to?

The amount of air pushed out upon forced expiration Signup and view all the answers

How does partial pressure (Px) influence the diffusion of gases into and out of the lungs?

Greater differences in Px lead to faster gas movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of iron in hemoglobin?

It enables the transport of oxygen in red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Increased temperature Signup and view all the answers

What does Dalton's Law describe regarding gases in a mixture?

Total pressure is determined by individual gas pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does altitude sickness have on the body?

It results in low blood oxygen and various symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bicarbonate ion in the blood?

It buffers blood pH and assists in carbon dioxide transport. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the loading and unloading of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Oxygen competes with carbon dioxide for binding to hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Quiz Review

Conducting Passageways:
- Nose: Entry point for the respiratory system.
- Pharynx: Throat; common passage for air and food. Contracts during swallowing to close the epiglottis (prevents food from entering the airway).
- Larynx: Voice box; epiglottis opens to allow air passage. Contains vocal cords.
- Trachea: Windpipe; composed of cartilage rings and ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.
- Bronchi (Right/Left): Branches from the trachea; carry air to the lungs.
- Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading to alveoli.
- Cilia: Hair-like structures that move mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.
- Mucus: Filters and traps particles.
- Ciliated Mucosae: Lines the trachea; cilia move mucus upward.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
- Epiglottis: Flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing.

Mechanics of Breathing

Boyle's Law: Inverse relationship between volume and pressure (increase volume, decrease pressure). Air moves from high to low pressure.
Diaphragm: Muscle below the lungs; contracts during inhalation to increase thoracic volume.
External Intercostals: Muscles between ribs; elevate rib cage during inhalation, increasing thoracic volume.
Inhalation (Inspiration): Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing thoracic volume. This decreases intrapulmonary pressure, causing air to enter lungs.
Exhalation: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing thoracic volume. This increases intrapulmonary pressure, causing air to leave lungs.

Volumes and Capacities

Residual Volume: Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.
Tidal Volume: Volume of air exchanged during a normal breath.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Additional air that can be inhaled after a normal breath.
Expiratory Reserve Volume: Additional air that can be exhaled after a normal breath.
Total Lung Capacity: Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.

Partial Pressure of Gases & Diffusion

Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Total Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by the atmosphere (760 mmHg).
Partial Pressure: Pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture.
Dalton's Law: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure.
Partial Pressure (Px) and Diffusion: Greater difference in Px = faster diffusion of gases (O2 & CO2) between air and blood. Smaller gradient = slower diffusion.
Px and Hemoglobin Affinity: Px influences how readily hemoglobin binds to oxygen (higher Px leads to higher affinity generally.)
Factors Affecting Hemoglobin Affinity: pH (lower pH reduces), temperature (higher temperature reduces), and other factors. Hypoxia (low blood oxygen) caused by low Px gradient leads to impaired oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
Altitude Sickness: Low oxygen at high altitudes leads to low blood oxygen and symptoms like nausea, headache, and dyspnea.

Gas Transport in the Blood

Oxyhemoglobin: Oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Iron: Essential component of hemoglobin; crucial for oxygen transport.
Carbonic Acid: Weak acid formed when CO2 dissolves in water.
Bicarbonate Ion: Ion formed from carbonic acid dissociation; important for CO2 transport.
CO2 Loading/Unloading: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin displaces CO2 and hydrogen ions, aiding in CO2 removal from the blood.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with this comprehensive quiz review. Explore the anatomy and mechanics of breathing, including key structures like the lungs, trachea, and alveoli. Perfect for students preparing for exams in biology or health sciences.