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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of restrictive respiratory diseases?
What is the primary characteristic of restrictive respiratory diseases?
What is the effect of a lack of perfusion on the V/Q ratio?
What is the effect of a lack of perfusion on the V/Q ratio?
What is the normal range of peak flow meter readings?
What is the normal range of peak flow meter readings?
What is the result of the Haldane effect?
What is the result of the Haldane effect?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an autoimmune response?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by an autoimmune response?
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What is the primary mechanism of the Bohr effect?
What is the primary mechanism of the Bohr effect?
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What is the primary cause of tissue damage and inflammation in Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary cause of tissue damage and inflammation in Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the characteristic symptom of asthma that worsens at night?
What is the characteristic symptom of asthma that worsens at night?
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What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 respiratory failure?
What is the primary difference between Type 1 and Type 2 respiratory failure?
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What is the purpose of a potentator in the treatment of cystic fibrosis?
What is the purpose of a potentator in the treatment of cystic fibrosis?
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What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?
What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?
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What is the primary site for an epistaxis?
What is the primary site for an epistaxis?
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What is the primary function of ostia in the paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary function of ostia in the paranasal sinuses?
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What is the primary characteristic of Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the primary characteristic of Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the primary cause of bronchospasm in asthma?
What is the primary cause of bronchospasm in asthma?
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What is the primary difference between stridor and wheeze?
What is the primary difference between stridor and wheeze?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Diseases: Obstructive = increased resistance, same volume reached but takes longer, FEV1 decreased, FVC same. Restrictive = decreased compliance, lungs cannot fully expand, lower volume, FVC decreased, FEV1 decreased, FEV1:FVC same or increased.
- Compliance: stretching ability of the lungs, affected by lung tissue thickness.
- Peak Flow Meter: normal range = 500-600L/min.
Respiratory Physiology
- V/Q Ratio: Lack of perfusion (dead space) increases V/Q ratio, lack of ventilation (pulmonary shunt) decreases V/Q ratio.
- Bohr Effect: High CO2 in respiring tissues decreases affinity for O2, more dissociation, more O2 for tissues, curve shifts right.
- Haldane Effect: High O2 in the lungs increases affinity for O2, O2 replaces CO2 on Hb, more O2 taken up by Hb, curve shifts left.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type 1: allergic reaction, IgE, requires previous exposure, within minutes.
- Type 2: IgM + IgG, minutes to hours, autoimmune diseases (e.g., Grave's).
- Type 3: immune complex, IgM + IgG, 2-6 hours, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, causes oedema and inflammation.
- Type 4: no antibodies involved, 24-48 hours, T cells activate cell-mediated response, tissue damage and inflammation.
Respiratory Diseases
- Asthma: obstructive disease, reversible bronchospasm, symptoms: wheeze, dyspnoea, dry cough, management: SABA, ICS, Leukotriene receptor antagonist.
- COPD: damage to bronchi and alveoli, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, symptoms: barrel chest, brown mucus, SOB, wheeze, peripheral oedema, management: bronchodilator or LABA/LAMA.
- Pneumonia: infection of the lungs, symptoms: productive cough, fever, chest pain, SOB, fine crackles, confusion, management: antibiotics, oxygen, and fluids.
Respiratory Failure
- Type 1: hypoxia without hypercapnia.
- Type 2: hypoxia with hypercapnia.
Other Respiratory-Related Topics
- Wheeze: noisy breathing during expiration, caused by bronchoconstriction (e.g., asthma).
- Stridor: noisy breathing during inspiration, caused by insufficient innervation of larynx (e.g., recurrent laryngeal nerve injury).
- Hoarse Voice: recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
- Cystic Fibrosis: autosomal recessive, diagnosed with heel prick test, symptoms: SOB, cough, wheeze, salty skin, low weight, pneumonia, treatment: potentiator (e.g., Ivacaftor) and corrector (e.g., Lumacaftor).
Inheritance
- Mitochondrial Diseases: 100% inheritance if mother is affected.
- Huntington's Disease: autosomal dominant.
- X-linked Dominant: father affected, all daughters affected, mother affected, 50% of children affected.
- X-linked Recessive: only affects boys, father carrier, all daughters carriers.
- Y-linked: only affects males.
Anatomy
- Little's Area (Kiesselbach's Plexus): most common site for an epistaxis.
- Ostia: communicates with paranasal sinuses.
- Paranasal Sinuses: Sphenoid - roof of posterior nasal cavity.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system, including obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, lung compliance, and ventilation. Understand the differences in FVC, FEV1, and FEV1:FVC ratios, and how they relate to respiratory function.
