Respiratory System Quiz

The process of moving carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs for exhalation.

A substance formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

The primary form of carbon dioxide transported in the blood. It's created when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the blood.

The area in the brainstem that controls breathing rate and depth. It's located in the medulla oblongata and pons.

Specialized cells located in the carotid and aortic bodies. They detect changes in blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels, and signal the respiratory center to adjust breathing.

The process of breathing in, where the diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume to allow air to enter the lungs.

The process of breathing out, where the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume to force air out of the lungs.

The portion of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. It filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.

The inflammation of the larynx, often caused by viral infections, overuse of the voice, or irritants.

Symptoms include hoarseness, loss of voice, and throat pain.

The process of exchanging gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and body tissues. Oxygen moves from the blood into tissues, while carbon dioxide moves from tissues into the blood.

Specialized cells located in the carotid and aortic bodies that detect changes in blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels. They signal the respiratory center to adjust breathing.

The primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. It helps maintain blood pH balance.

The area in the brainstem that controls breathing rate and depth.

A prolonged course of multiple antibiotics is used to eradicate the bacteria.

Symptoms include nasal congestion, facial pain, pressure, and discharge. Potential complications include chronic sinusitis, spread of infection to nearby structures, and reduced quality of life.

The ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) to the blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries (perfusion). Optimal gas exchange occurs when ventilation and perfusion are matched. Imbalances can lead to respiratory issues like hypoxia or hypercapnia.

A chronic condition characterized by episodes of airway constriction, inflammation, and increased mucus production, leading to breathing difficulties.

The respiratory center in the brainstem (medulla oblongata) controls the rate and depth of breathing by sending signals to the respiratory muscles.

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels and send signals to the respiratory center to adjust breathing rate and depth.

The total amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhalation. Calculated as the sum of tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

External respiration occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells. A small amount is also dissolved directly in the plasma.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

The many tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are numerous to maximize surface area for efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries to quickly pick up oxygen and deliver it to the bloodstream, and to carry away carbon dioxide.

A thin layer of fluid that prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. Reduces surface tension to allow for easy inflation.

Specialized receptors within the alveoli that sense stretch during inhalation and prevent over-inflation of the lungs.

The thin walls of the alveoli allow for rapid diffusion of gases across the membrane, ensuring efficient gas exchange.

Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the tissues.

The main waste product produced by cells during metabolism. It is carried from the tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled.

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the tissues, and between the blood and the lungs, is driven by the difference in their partial pressures.

The primary way carbon dioxide is transported in the blood, involving the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and their diffusion into the plasma.

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is higher in cool, basic (alkaline) conditions. This is important in the lungs, where oxygen needs to bind to hemoglobin.

The molecule formed when carbon dioxide combines with water, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). This is a key step in carbon dioxide transport.

The enzyme that accelerates the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. This reaction is crucial for efficient carbon dioxide transport.

Hemoglobin's ability to release oxygen is enhanced in warm, acidic conditions. This happens in tissues, where oxygen is needed for cell respiration.