Respiratory System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the bronchial tree?

To transport air from the trachea to the lungs (correct)

To produce mucus that traps foreign particles

To produce sound

To filter air and remove particles

Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for producing surfactant?

Goblet cells

Type 1 alveolar cells

Bronchiolar cells

Type 2 alveolar cells (correct)

What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

To produce mucus

To hold the trachea open (correct)

To filter air

To generate sound

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone?

Terminal bronchioles (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering air?

Nasal cavity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest cartilage in the larynx?

Thyroid cartilage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where the bronchioles constrict during exercise?

Exercise-Induced Asthma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory membrane?

Contraction of bronchioles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alveolar interdependence in the respiratory cycle?

It helps to distribute air evenly throughout the lungs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and the tidal volume (VT)?

IRV is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, while VT is the volume of air inhaled during a normal breath. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spirometry in the assessment of lung health?

To quantify the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during breathing. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lung capacities represents the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration?

Vital capacity (VC) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (V̇ E)?

V̇ E is the product of VT and RR. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between alveolar ventilation (V̇ A) and minute ventilation (V̇ E)?

V̇ A represents the volume of air reaching the alveoli, while V̇ E includes the volume of dead space ventilation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema?

Destruction of alveoli leading to large air sacs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a lung volume as defined in the text?

Inspiratory capacity (IC) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen cost of breathing during exercise?

It may increase up to 30% of total oxygen consumption. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in ventilation during exercise?

Biceps brachii (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that drives the flow of air into the lungs during inspiration?

The contraction of the diaphragm, leading to a decrease in intrapulmonic pressure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve responsible for innervating the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the rate of gas diffusion and the surface area for diffusion?

They are directly proportional. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the high oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

The presence of hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body ensure efficient gas diffusion during exercise?

Increasing the pressure gradient for gas diffusion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Fick Equation?

Determine the rate of oxygen consumption by the body (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Blood pH (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that drives the flow of air out of the lungs during expiration at rest?

The relaxation of the diaphragm, leading to an increase in intrapulmonic pressure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of a greater oxygen cost of breathing in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?

Their ability to exercise or perform activities of daily living is severely limited. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the primary means of carbon dioxide transport in the blood during rest?

Predominantly transported as bicarbonate ions (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the partial pressure gradient affect gas diffusion?

It determines the direction of gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of oxygen transport in the blood?

Bound to hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Concentration of glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the plateau phase of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

It represents maximum oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system's conducting zone?

To transport air from the external environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lungs is found in the right lung but not in the left lung?

Middle lobe (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?

To protect the airway during swallowing (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the pleura directly lines the thoracic walls and diaphragm?

Parietal pleura (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the gas exchange that occurs between the alveoli and the blood?

External respiration (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation to calculate the minute ventilation (VE)?

VE = VT × RR (D) Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the alveolar ventilation (VA) during exercise, using the provided information.

34.5 L/min (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the FEV1/FVC ratio?

It is a good indicator of airway resistance and can be used to diagnose obstructive lung diseases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT part of the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata?

Pneumotaxic area (B), Apneustic area (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure controls the depth of inspiration?

Apneustic area (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pneumotaxic area?

Limits the length of inhalation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major factor that influences the respiratory control center?

Changes in the chemical composition of the internal environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are NOT chemoreceptors that influence ventilation?

Baroreceptors (A), Mechanoreceptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.
It consists of airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.
The system includes the epiglottis, which helps protect the airway during swallowing.

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Consists of the airways, lungs, and respiratory muscles.
Airways include nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
The lungs are cone-shaped, spongy tissues with millions of alveoli.
Alveoli are the small air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
The trachea is the windpipe, supported by cartilage rings.

Breathing Cycle

Inhalation (inspiration) brings oxygen-rich air into the lungs.
Exhalation (expiration) removes oxygen-depleted air (rich in CO2) from the lungs.
External respiration is the gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood.
Internal respiration occurs between the blood and body cells.

Thoracic Cavity

Also known as the chest cavity.
Located above the diaphragm.
Houses the lungs and heart.
Protected by the thoracic cage (ribs, spine, and sternum).
Contains internal and external intercostal muscles for respiration.

Lungs

Two lungs, one on each side of the body.
Located in the thoracic cavity.
Right lung is divided into three lobes, left lung into two.
Each lung is cone-shaped.
Made up of thousands of alveoli; tiny air sacs for gas exchange.

Pleura and Pleural Cavity

Pleura are thin membranes that enclose the lungs.
Inner layer: visceral pleura, lines the lungs' surface.
Outer layer: parietal pleura, lines the chest wall and diaphragm.
Pleural cavity is the space between visceral and parietal pleura.

Conducting Zone

Consists of the passages that carry air to the respiratory zone.
Include the nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, terminal bronchioles.
Warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.
Contains goblet cells that produce mucus which helps with filtration.

Trachea

Also known as the windpipe.
Semi-flexible tube supported by cartilage rings.
About 2.5cm in diameter and 12cm long.
Branches into right and left primary bronchi.
Largest cartilage in the larynx: Thyroid cartilage.

Bronchial Tree

A network of progressively branching airways beginning with the primary bronchi.
Approximately 23 generations of airways
Divides into secondary and tertiary bronchi, and then bronchioles.
Bronchioles eventually lead to alveoli, the sites of gas exchange.

Respiratory Zone

The region containing alveoli for gas exchange.
Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Alveoli are the primary structures where gas exchange takes place.

Respiratory Membrane

Thin wall separating the alveolar surface and blood.
Type 1 alveolar cells are most prominent, assisting gas exchange.
Type 2 cells secrete surfactant, reducing surface tension to help alveoli inflate.

Alveolar Interdependence

Alveoli are mechanically tethered, creating structural support.
Important during the respiratory cycle for uniform ventilation and maximizing gas exchange.

Emphysema

Characterized by the destruction of alveoli.
Rupture of alveoli leads to larger air sacs.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Inflammation and mucous buildup.
Alveolar membrane breakdown.

Lung Volumes

Tidal volume (VT): Air exchanged in a single breath.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Extra air inhaled past a normal breath.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Extra air exhaled past a normal breath.
Residual volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.

Lung Volumes & Capacities

Spirometry measures various lung volumes and stages of the respiratory cycle.
Useful to assess airflow, indicating lung function or potential pulmonary disease.

Lung Capacities

Vital capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximum inhale.
Inspiratory capacity (IC): Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhale.
Functional residual capacity (FRC): Amount of air left in lungs after a normal exhale.
Total lung capacity (TLC): Total volume of air lungs can accommodate.

Ventilation

Minute ventilation (VE): The total volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute.
Alveolar ventilation (VA): The volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli per minute. This is calculated using the tidal volume and the anatomical dead space.
Anatomical dead space volume: Air trapped in the conducting airways that doesn't reach the alveoli.

FEV1/FVC Ratio

Measures the amount of air exhaled in the first second (FEV1) relative to the total amount exhaled (FVC).
Important for diagnosing lung diseases like asthma and COPD where airflow is restricted.

Respiratory Control Center

Located in the medulla oblongata and pons.
Control the rate and depth of breathing to maintain adequate oxygen supply.
Receives sensory information from peripheral and central areas.

Humoral Control

Respiratory control center adjusts ventilation based on changes in chemical composition of the internal environment (for example, PCO2, PO2 and pH).
Chemoreceptors, specialized cells, sense changes in blood gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH).

The Work of Breathing

Oxygen cost of breathing varies at rest and during exercise, and is affected by pulmonary diseases.

Mechanics of Inspiration and Expiration

Inspiration is driven by diaphragm contraction, decreasing intrapulmonic pressure and drawing air in.
Expiration occurs when the diaphragm relaxes, increasing intrapulmonic pressure and forcing air out.

Muscles of Ventilation During Exercise

Diaphragm, accessory muscles, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and abdominal wall muscles are involved in ventilation during exercise.

Gas Diffusion

The process of gases moving from higher pressure to lower pressure across the respiratory membrane.
Alveoli, capillaries and tissue are involved.

Factors Affecting Gas Diffusion

Fick's Law for diffusion describes the gas diffusion rate relationship with gas solubility and surface area. The pressure gradient and surface area influences gas exchange rates.

Sites for Gas Diffusion

External respiration occurs at the alveoli, with gas exchange happening between the alveoli and capillaries.
Internal respiration occurs in the tissues, with gas exchange happening between capillary blood and tissue cells.

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Oxygen is transported in the blood dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin-Oxygen Saturation Curve

Illustrates the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and the partial pressure of oxygen.
The curve's shape shows how hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity changes.
Factors like blood pH, temperature and partial pressure of CO2 affect the curve.

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin (as carbaminohemoglobin), and transported as bicarbonate ions.
Chemical reactions convert CO2 into bicarbonate to facilitate transport.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of the respiratory system. This quiz includes questions about the bronchial tree, alveolar cells, and the mechanics of breathing. Enhance your understanding of lung health and respiratory physiology.