Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the transportation of CO2 in the blood?

  • It facilitates the conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate ions. (correct)
  • It increases the pH of the blood.
  • It transforms O2 into CO2 for easier transport.
  • It transports CO2 directly to the lungs.

Which part of the brain contains the primary control centers for respiration?

  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata (correct)
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Cerebellum

What is the primary function of the dorsal nucleus in the medulla oblongata?

  • Inspiring and initiating inhalation (correct)
  • Controlling peripheral chemoreceptors
  • Regulating forced exhalation
  • Controlling voluntary breathing patterns

How do peripheral and central chemoreceptors contribute to the respiratory cycle?

<p>They monitor CO2 levels and regulate breathing based on these levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Hering-Breuer reflex in relation to respiration?

<p>It minimizes the risk of over-inflation of the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the airways in the respiratory system?

<p>Conditioning the air before it reaches the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas law is primarily responsible for the air moving into the lungs during inhalation?

<p>Boyle's Law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures in the airways help trap particles and microbes?

<p>Cilia and mucous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of normal expiration?

<p>Passive reduction in lung volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the volume of the lungs during inhalation?

<p>It lowers the lung pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic processes of respiration?

<p>Airway filtration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lung pressure when air is pushed out of the lungs during expiration?

<p>It increases due to decreased volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the muscles play during inspiration?

<p>They contract to change lung volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that decreases lung compliance in restrictive lung diseases?

<p>Restriction of lung tissue expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During forced expiration, the thoracic cavity is compressed to a volume that is what compared to normal?

<p>Less than normal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effect of surfactant in newborns?

<p>Improves lung compliance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site of variable resistance to airflow in the lungs?

<p>Bronchioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation in the bronchioles?

<p>Oxygen concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more accurate in measuring ventilation: Total pulmonary ventilation (TPV) or Alveolar ventilation (AV)?

<p>Alveolar ventilation (AV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines gas movement across the capillary-alveolar interface?

<p>Partial pressure gradients of gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the transported O2 found?

<p>Bound to hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory System Processes

Four steps of respiration: ventilation (gas exchange between lungs and environment), gas exchange (lungs to blood), gas transport (by blood), and gas exchange (blood to tissues)

Respiratory System Anatomy

Consists of airways (upper and lower tracts) and chest structures (bones, muscles, connective tissues)

Airway Function

Conducts air, conditions it (adds moisture/heat, filters out particles).

Gas Movement in Lungs

Lower lung pressure compared to atmospheric pressure pulls air in. Higher pressure in lungs pushes air out.

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Lung Volume & Pressure

Increasing lung volume decreases pressure, drawing air in. Decreasing lung volume increases pressure, pushing air out.

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Inspiration Muscles

Muscles needed to increase lung volume for inhalation.

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Expiration

Normal exhalation is passive, doesn't require muscular effort.

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Gas Laws

Govern the movement of gases in the respiratory system, critical for understanding air flow in and out of lungs.

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Restrictive Lung Diseases

Conditions that reduce the lung's ability to stretch (compliance).

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Lung Compliance

Measure of lung tissue's ability to stretch during inspiration.

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Bronchioles

Small airways in the lungs with smooth muscle, affecting airflow.

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Bronchoconstriction

Narrowing of the bronchioles due to muscle contraction.

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Alveolar Ventilation (AV)

Volume of air reaching the alveoli per minute, a better measure than total ventilation.

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Gas Exchange (O2 & CO2)

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the capillary-alveolar interface.

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Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries most oxygen during transport.

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Oxy-hemoglobin Curve

Graph showing the relationship between oxygen and hemoglobin saturation.

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Hemoglobin's O2 affinity

The strength with which hemoglobin binds to oxygen. It is influenced by factors like pH, temperature, and CO2 levels.

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CO2 transport in blood

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) formed by the carbonic anhydrase reaction.

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Carbonic anhydrase reaction

An enzyme-catalyzed reaction that converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). This reaction is crucial for CO2 transport and maintaining blood pH.

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Dorsal Respiratory Nucleus

The primary inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata. It receives sensory input from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors and sends motor signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to initiate inspiration.

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Ventral Respiratory Nucleus

The expiratory center in the medulla oblongata. It is responsible for forceful exhalation, particularly during exercise or breathing difficulties. It receives input from the dorsal respiratory nucleus and other sources.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System

  • Respiration involves four key processes: ventilation (gas exchange between lungs and environment), gas exchange between lungs and blood, transport of gases by blood, and exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
  • The respiratory system has two main parts: airways (upper and lower tracts) and chest structures (bones, muscles, connective tissues).
  • Airway functions include moistening, warming, and filtering inhaled air.
  • Mucus traps particles and microbes, while cilia move mucus up the airways.
  • Four gas laws govern gas movement in the respiratory system.
  • To inhale, lung pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure.
  • Increasing lung volume decreases pressure, drawing air in.
  • Exhalation reverses the process.
  • Inspiration requires muscle activity (e.g., diaphragm, intercostal muscles).
  • Expiration is mostly passive (relaxation of muscles).
  • Lung compliance (stretch ability) and airway resistance affect work of breathing.
  • Diseases like restrictive lung disease reduce compliance.
  • Surfactant increases lung compliance in newborns.

Airflow in Lungs

  • Airflow in lungs mirrors blood flow principles, with variable resistance in bronchioles.
  • Influences on bronchiole constriction/dilation include CO2 levels, autonomic nervous system, and histamine.
  • Total Pulmonary Ventilation (TPV) and Alveolar Ventilation (AV) are calculated.
  • AV is a more accurate measure of ventilation than TPV.
  • Gas exchange (O2 and CO2) occurs across the capillary-alveolar interface, dictated by partial pressure gradients.
  • Hemoglobin carries most O2 and some CO2.
  • Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between PO2, hemoglobin saturation, and factors affecting binding affinity.
  • CO2 transport involves carbonic anhydrase for conversion to bicarbonate.

Respiration Control

  • Respiration centers are in the medulla oblongata.
  • Dorsal (inspiratory) and ventral (forced expiratory) nuclei in the medulla control breathing.
  • Voluntary control is via the cerebral cortex.
  • Peripheral and central chemoreceptors monitor O2, CO2, and pH to adjust breathing.
  • The Hering-Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism that prevents lung over-inflation.

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Related Documents

Respiratory System Study Guide (8th ed) PDF

Description

Explore the essential functions and processes of the respiratory system, focusing on gas exchange, airway structure, and the mechanics of breathing. Understand how factors like lung compliance and airway resistance impact respiration, as well as the role of diseases in respiratory health.

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