Pulmonary Dysfunction

<p>Orthopnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergy-related triggers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute bronchospasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adequate ventilation and decreased perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opiate overdose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanide poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic Alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barrel chest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slowing disease progression and optimizing respiratory function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cigarette smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tension pneumothorax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often occurs in tall, thin males between 20-40 years old. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empyema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma to the chest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic hypoxemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperventilation leads to hypocapnia, whereas hypoventilation leads to hypercapnia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory depression medications (opiates, barbiturates) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased airway responsiveness to stimuli and complete reversibility of airway obstruction with appropriate therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>COPD Type A involves a loss of parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of accessory respiratory muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe dyspnea, hyperinflated chest, and minimal cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophil-mediated epithelial damage and increased mucus secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isocyanates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension and facilitates gas exchange. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased venous return to the heart when supine, leading to pulmonary congestion and increased work of breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary embolism obstructing blood flow to a segment of the lung. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atelectasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoxic hypoxia results from low arterial $O_2$ tension, while circulatory hypoxia results from inadequate blood circulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased venous return due to mediastinal shift. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased local release of growth factors due to chronic hypoxemia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic hyperinflation of the lungs leading to increased residual volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchoconstriction and mucus plugging leading to airway obstruction, especially during expiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch secondary to airway obstruction and alveolar destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complication of pre-existing pulmonary disease such as rupture of a cyst or bleb. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perform needle thoracostomy to decompress the pleural space. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in the pleural capillaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleural fluid with a pH less than 7.2 and the presence of bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Change in oxygen release to tissues based on affinity adjustments.

Different classifications of hypoxia including anemic and histotoxic.

Increased breathing rate leads to excess CO2 removal and hypocapnia.

Decreased breathing rate results in CO2 buildup and low oxygen levels.

Reversible airway obstruction with increased sensitivity to stimuli.

Epithelial cells that form the structure of alveoli.

Cells that produce surfactant to lower surface tension and aid gas exchange.

Subjective feeling of uncomfortable breathing.

The balance of air in the alveoli and blood flow; optimal ratio is 0.8.

Deficiency of oxygen in the blood indicated by low arterial O2.

A type of asthma triggered by external allergens, often with pediatric onset.

Inflammation and airway obstruction due to factors like mast cells and cytokines.

Signs include wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, and increased sputum production.

A severe asthma attack requiring emergency treatment, characterized by distress.

Type A (Emphysema) and Type B (Chronic bronchitis) characterized by different symptoms.

A physical characteristic often seen in COPD patients.

A technique to control shortness of breath by exhaling slowly through pursed lips.

Enlargement of the fingers or toes, often linked to chronic hypoxemia.

A condition characterized by an increased anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.

A form of COPD usually caused by long-term smoking and repeated infections.

Condition where air is trapped in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

A collection of pus in the pleural space, often due to infection.

Pleural fluid low in protein, typically caused by systemic issues like heart failure.

High-protein pleural fluid associated with local conditions like infections or malignancies.

Right heart failure due to lung disease or pulmonary hypertension.

Graph showing how hemoglobin's oxygen binding changes with pH and CO2 level.

Conditions increasing O2 affinity, decreasing O2 release to tissues.

Conditions decreasing O2 affinity, increasing O2 release to tissues.

Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream due to inadequate ventilation.

Condition characterized by excessive breathing leading to decreased CO2 levels (hypocapnia).

Condition where airways are obstructed, leading to reduced airflow rates.

Asthma symptoms triggered during or after vigorous physical activity.

Emergency measures include epinephrine, IV corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

Causes of COPD include smoking, air pollution, and certain occupations like mining.

Worsening dyspnea on exertion and shortness of breath.

Muscles not normally used for breathing, engaged during respiratory distress.

Air trapped in the pleural space, leading to lung collapse.