Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • Excretion of waste products
  • Circulation of blood
  • Gas exchange (correct)
  • Nutrient absorption

Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the lung tissues and blood.

False (B)

Name one function of the respiratory system aside from gas exchange.

Regulates blood pH

The portion of the respiratory system that includes the nose and nasal cavity is called the _____ upper _____ respiratory system.

<p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the respiratory system with their descriptions:

<p>Pharynx = Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx Larynx = Contains the vocal cords Bronchi = Main passageways to the lungs Alveoli = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when blood pH is low?

<p>Hyperventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypocapnia can result from hyperventilation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one effect of increased blood pressure on respiration rate.

<p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

The response to low blood pH involves the stimulation of the _____ to increase breathing.

<p>DRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

<p>Hypocapnia = Low PCO2 in blood Baroreceptors = Senses lung stretching Pulmonary perfusion = Blood flow to the lungs Emphysema = Destruction of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of emotions on the respiratory system?

<p>They can speed up breathing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inflation reflex prevents underinflation of the lungs during exercise.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What variable is primarily increased during exercise that stimulates the DRG?

<p>H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the left and right halves of the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasal septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vocal folds are made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tonsils?

<p>Trap pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tube comprising nine rings of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the trachea is called the ________.

<p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the larynx with their descriptions:

<p>Thyroid cartilage = Forms the anterior surface of the larynx Epiglottis = Covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing Cricoid cartilage = Landmark for tracheotomies Vocal folds = Responsible for sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for swirling inhaled air in the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasal conchae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage forms the anterior surface of the larynx, commonly known as the Adam's apple?

<p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ridge at the branch point of the trachea that triggers the cough reflex is called the ________.

<p>carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

<p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pleural fluid?

<p>Reduces friction and provides surface tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inferior portion of the lungs is called the apex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of cells found in the alveoli?

<p>Type I and Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The space between the lungs is called the ________.

<p>mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the lung with their respective functions:

<p>Alveoli = Site for gas exchange Bronchi = Conduct air to the lungs Pulmonary arteries = Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs Surfactant = Reduces surface tension in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure permits the passage of bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?

<p>Hilum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hemoglobin is almost saturated at a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) between 60–100 mm Hg?

<p>100% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits, each containing one heme molecule.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left lung has a middle lobe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>Prevents walls of alveoli from sticking together</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule binds to the iron atom in heme?

<p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hb has a low affinity for oxygen at _____ pH.

<p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ bronchi branch into segmental bronchi.

<p>lobar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Boyle's Law?

<p>Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Carbaminohemoglobin = Product of hemoglobin binding with carbon dioxide Bicarbonate = Form of carbon dioxide transport in plasma Chloride shift = Movement of chloride ions into red blood cells Medulla oblongata = Part of the brain controlling basic breathing rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in the body?

<p>Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bronchial arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to the lung tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary capillaries are where carbon dioxide is absorbed into the bloodstream.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inhalation occur with respect to pressure changes?

<p>Pressure inside the lungs must be decreased below atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ membrane consists of the alveoli and associated capillaries.

<p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

<p>Normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon dioxide in the blood is primarily transported as _____ bicarbonate.

<p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the ability of a passageway to remain unobstructed?

<p>Patency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as temperature increases?

<p>It decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocytes have mitochondria and produce energy through aerobic respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two centers in the brain regulate the action of respiratory muscles?

<p>Medulla oblongata and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

At systemic capillaries, the saturation of hemoglobin is approximately _____%.

<p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the chemoreceptors with their locations:

<p>Central chemoreceptors = Near the medulla oblongata Peripheral chemoreceptors = Aortic and carotid bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?

<p>Contraction increases volume in the thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exhalation is typically an active process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components that ensure lung tissue expands during inhalation?

<p>intrapleural pressure and negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The contraction of the diaphragm ________ the thoracic cavity by approximately ________ cm during normal inhalation.

<p>depresses, 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pulmonary conditions with their effects:

<p>Low compliance = High effort required for breathing Respiratory distress syndrome = Difficulty breathing due to insufficient surfactant Pleural effusion = Decreased lung volume due to fluid accumulation COPD = Increased airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

During strenuous inhalation, how much can the diaphragm be depressed?

<p>Up to 10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compliance refers to the distensibility of elastic tissues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas that affects the rate of respiration due to its higher solubility in water?

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of gases in the body occurs from areas of ________ partial pressure to areas of ________ partial pressure.

<p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen in blood is transported on hemoglobin?

<p>98.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air through the respiratory system faces resistance regardless of airway diameter.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the accumulation of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

<p>pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gas exchange between the alveoli and blood occurs during ________ respiration.

<p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of passive diffusion of gases?

<p>Color of the gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when tissue cells produce carbon dioxide?

<p>aerobic cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of moving air between the atmosphere and the lungs. This involves inhalation (taking air in) and exhalation (expelling air).

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. Oxygen from the inhaled air moves into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood moves into the lungs to be exhaled.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and the body's tissues. Oxygen from the blood moves into the cells for energy production, and carbon dioxide produced by the cells moves into the blood to be transported to the lungs.

Upper Respiratory System

The part of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and related structures. It warms, filters, and humidifies incoming air before it reaches the lungs.

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Lower Respiratory System

The part of the respiratory system that includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It's responsible for conducting air to the lungs and facilitating gas exchange.

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Nasal Cavity

The interior space of the nose, bounded by the oral cavity below and nasal bones above. It's responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.

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Nasal Septum

A wall of cartilage and bone that divides the nasal cavity into two halves, ensuring air flows smoothly on both sides.

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What are paranasal sinuses?

Air-filled cavities within the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity. They contribute to resonance in speech and help lighten the skull.

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Nasal Conchae

Bony projections within the nasal cavity that increase the surface area and create swirling air currents for better filtering and warming.

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Olfactory Epithelium

Specialized tissue in the nasal cavity that contains sensory receptors for smell.

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Pharynx

A muscular tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx, allowing passage for air and food.

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Nasopharynx

The uppermost section of the pharynx, behind the nasal cavity, lined with ciliated epithelium to sweep mucus into the pharynx.

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Larynx

The voice box, composed of cartilage rings, containing the vocal cords for sound production.

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Thyroid Cartilage

A shield-shaped hyaline cartilage forming the anterior wall of the larynx, commonly known as the Adam's apple.

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Epiglottis

A flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the respiratory tract.

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Pleural Membrane

A double-layered serous membrane that encloses each lung, providing lubrication and surface tension for smooth lung expansion.

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Pleural Cavity

The space between the two layers of the pleural membrane, filled with pleural fluid.

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What does pleural fluid do?

Pleural fluid reduces friction between the lungs and the chest wall during breathing, and helps maintain surface tension for proper lung expansion.

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Mediastinum

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus.

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Lung Base

The inferior portion of the lung, resting on the diaphragm.

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Lung Apex

The superior portion of the lung, extending just above the clavicle.

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Hilum

The indented area on the medial surface of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit.

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Cardiac Notch

A concave indentation on the left lung that accommodates the heart.

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Fissures

Grooves or clefts that divide the lungs into lobes.

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Oblique Fissure

The major fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of both lungs.

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Lobar Bronchi

Branches of the main bronchus that supply individual lobes of the lungs.

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Bronchopulmonary Segment

A distinct functional unit of the lung, supplied by a segmental bronchus and its associated blood vessels.

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Lobules

Smaller compartments within a bronchopulmonary segment, containing a terminal bronchiole, arterioles/venules, lymphatics, and connective tissue.

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Respiratory Bronchioles

Microscopic branches of bronchioles lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, leading to alveolar ducts.

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Alveoli

Tiny, balloon-like air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and the blood.

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Low blood pH

A condition where the blood is too acidic. This can be caused by an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.

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Hyperventilation

An increased rate and depth of breathing, often caused by a response to low blood pH.

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Hypocapnia

A decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, often due to hyperventilation.

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Hypoxia

A condition where the body's tissues don't receive enough oxygen to function properly.

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Inflation Reflex

A protective mechanism that prevents the lungs from overinflating during strenuous activities.

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Baroreceptors

Sensory receptors located in the bronchi and bronchioles that sense stretching of the lungs during inhalation.

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Vagus Nerve

A cranial nerve that plays a role in transmitting the inflation reflex signal to the brain.

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Pulmonary Perfusion

The extent of blood flow to the lungs, which increases during physical activity.

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Diaphragm's role in inhalation

The diaphragm contracts, flattening and moving downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, which lowers the pressure inside and draws air into the lungs.

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Intercostal muscle assistance

The intercostal muscles (between the ribs) also contract during inhalation, helping to lift the rib cage and further expand the thoracic cavity.

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Diaphragm's impact on pressure

When contracting, the diaphragm can depress by up to 10 cm, decreasing pressure by up to 100 mm Hg.

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Role of external intercostal muscles

The external intercostal muscles contribute to the remaining 25% of inhaled air by elevating the ribs, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

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Intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs is negative, which means it's lower than atmospheric pressure.

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Passive exhalation

Exhalation is a passive process, meaning it doesn't require muscle contraction. When the respiratory muscles relax, the elastic recoil of the lungs forces air out.

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Active exhalation

During strenuous activities or playing wind instruments, the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles can assist with active exhalation.

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Surfactant's role

Surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, is essential for proper ventilation. Insufficient surfactant leads to breathing difficulty.

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Compliance

Compliance refers to the ability of the elastic tissues of the chest wall and lungs to stretch and expand.

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Resistance in the respiratory system

Resistance to airflow in the respiratory system is influenced by factors like airway diameter and obstruction.

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Lung volume

Lung volume refers to a specific amount of air inhaled, exhaled, or stored in the lungs, measured using a spirometer.

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Lung capacity

Lung capacity refers to the sum of specific lung volumes, representing different combinations of air in the lungs.

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Gases move by diffusion

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body is a passive process driven by diffusion, moving from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure.

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Solubility of gases

The solubility of a gas in liquids, such as blood, also plays a role in gas exchange.

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CO2 solubility vs. O2

Carbon dioxide is 24 times more soluble in water than oxygen, leading to higher levels of CO2 in blood plasma compared to oxygen.

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Hemoglobin's Structure

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 protein subunits, each containing one heme molecule. The iron atom within the heme molecule is where oxygen binds.

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Hemoglobin Saturation

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen. A higher partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) leads to greater hemoglobin saturation.

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What makes Hb bind/release oxygen?

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is influenced by factors like blood acidity, partial pressure of CO2, temperature, BPG levels, and the type of hemoglobin.

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Acidity and Hb affinity

Increased acidity (lower pH) in the blood reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This makes oxygen easier to release to tissues that need it.

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CO2 and Hb affinity

High CO2 levels lower blood pH, decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. This promotes oxygen release at tissues.

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Temperature and Hb affinity

Higher temperatures decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, increasing oxygen delivery to tissues.

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BPG and Hb affinity

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) binds to hemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen release.

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Fetal Hb vs. Adult Hb

Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (Hb-A). This helps the fetus get oxygen from the mother's blood.

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CO2 Transport: Dissolved

A small percentage of CO2 is transported dissolved directly in blood plasma.

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CO2 Transport: Bound to proteins

CO2 binds to proteins, including hemoglobin, forming carbamino compounds. This is a significant transport method.

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CO2 Transport: Bicarbonate

The majority of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood plasma.

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Chloride Shift

Anions like HCO3- leaving red blood cells are replaced by chloride ions (Cl-), maintaining electrical balance.

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Reverse Chloride Shift

At the lungs, chloride ions move out of red blood cells as bicarbonate ions move back in, allowing CO2 to be exhaled.

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Respiratory Centre Location

The respiratory centre is located in the brainstem, encompassing both the medulla oblongata and the pons.

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Medulla Oblongata Role

The medulla oblongata contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) for normal breathing and the ventral respiratory group (VRG) for forceful breathing.

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Pons Role

Neurons in the pons influence the DRG in the medulla, affecting normal breathing patterns.

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Study Notes

Respiration Overview

  • Respiration is the process of acquiring oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.
  • Three steps occur within the human body:
    • Pulmonary ventilation: Gas exchange between the atmosphere and lung tissues.
    • External respiration: Gas exchange between lung tissues and blood.
    • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
  • Respiratory system functions:
    • Gas exchange.
    • Regulates blood pH.
    • Phonation (speech), sense of smell, filters inhaled air, and excretes wastes during exhalation.
    • Oto(rhino)laryngology is the study of the respiratory system.
  • Cells need oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration.

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

  • Structurally divided into:
    • Upper respiratory system: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
    • Lower respiratory system: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
  • Functionally divided into:
    • Conducting zone: Directs air towards the respiratory zone; filters, warms, and humidifies air.
    • Respiratory zone: Site of gas exchange; includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

Upper Respiratory System

  • Nose: Made of bone, cartilage, and connective tissues; has external nares (nostrils).
  • Nasal Cavity: Interior anterior space of the nose, divided by the nasal septum, contains conchae (swirl air), olfactory epithelium (smell receptors).
  • Pharynx: Tube of skeletal muscle with mucosa:
    • Nasopharynx (superior): Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium; sweeps mucus to pharynx.
    • Oropharynx (intermediate): Common passage for air and food; non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
    • Laryngopharynx (inferior): Similar to oropharynx, but inferior.

Larynx

  • Nine rings of cartilage:
    • Thyroid cartilage: Anterior surface of larynx; Adam's apple (larger in males).
    • Epiglottis: Flap of elastic cartilage; covers larynx opening during swallowing.
    • Cricoid cartilage: Inferior ring of larynx.
  • Vocal cords/folds:
    • True vocal cords (inferior): Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, generate sound.
    • False vocal cords (superior): Protect true cords.

Trachea

  • 2.5 cm wide x 12 cm long tube, 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
  • Cartilage maintains patency (openness).
  • Anterior to the esophagus; lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

Bronchi

  • Carina: Ridge at the trachea's branch point (cough reflex trigger).
  • Branch into smaller tubes (bronchial tree) ending in terminal bronchioles.
  • Changes in respiratory tissues throughout bronchial tree.

Lungs

  • Wrapped in pleural membrane (two membranes, pleural fluid reducing friction).
  • Separated by mediastinum, lungs extend from clavicles to diaphragm.
  • Hilum: Passage for bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
  • Cardiac Notch: Houses heart; decreases size of the left lung.
  • Fissures divide lungs into lobes (oblique fissure divides superior and inferior lobes; horizontal fissure divides the middle lobe on the right lung).
  • Lobar bronchi: named after the lobes they enter.
  • Bronchopulmonary segments: supported by individual segmental bronchi; divisible regions for surgical removal.
  • Lobules: Smaller compartments with a terminal bronchiole, vessels, and lymphatics, with elastic connective tissue.
  • Respiratory bronchioles: Microscopic branches with simple cuboidal epithelium; branch into alveolar ducts. Alveolar ducts terminate in alveolar sacs.
  • Alveoli: Air sacs for gas exchange; with Type I (thin squamous epithelium), and Type II (cuboidal, secrete surfactant) alveolar cells.

Respiratory Membrane

  • Alveoli + associated capillaries; very thin (0.5 µm).
  • Layers: Alveolar wall (Type I & II cells, macrophages), epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium.

Blood Supply to Lungs

  • Pulmonary arteries: Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle for oxygenation.
  • Bronchial arteries: Deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue from aorta.

Gas Exchanges and Ventilation

  • Pulmonary ventilation is inhalation and exhalation, changing thoracic cavity pressure.
  • Inhalation (inspiration):
    • Decreasing lung pressure below atmospheric pressure to draw air inward.
    • Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity, lungs expand too.
    • Boyle's Law: Pressure inversely proportional to volume. Increasing volume lowers pressure, pulling air in.
  • Exhalation (expiration):
    • Passive process; respiratory muscles relax; lung recoil increases intraplural pressure.
    • Gases move out.

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

  • Surfactant: Prevents alveolar collapse.
  • Compliance: Chest wall and lung distensibility; high compliance = low effort to breathe; low compliance = high effort.
  • Resistance: Determined by airway diameter; increased resistance = difficulties like in COPD.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Lung volumes: Specific measures of air; measured by spirometry.
  • Lung capacities: Sums of lung volumes

Principles of Gas Exchange

  • Passive diffusion from high to low partial pressure.
  • Solubility: CO2 is more soluble in water than oxygen.
  • External respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
  • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

Oxygen Transport

  • Hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes transports 98.5% of oxygen.
  • Hemoglobin saturation: affected by PO2 (high PO2 = high saturation), blood acidity, PCO2, temperature.

Carbon Dioxide Transport

  • Three forms:
    • Dissolved CO2.
    • Bound to proteins/carbamino compounds.
    • Bicarbonate form (majority).
  • Chloride shift: Maintains erythrocyte electrical balance during CO2 transport.

Regulation of Breathing

  • Respiratory center: Medulla oblongata and pons (DRG and VRG regulate breathing).
  • Chemoreceptors (central & peripheral) sense changes in PCO2 and pH.
  • Inflation reflex: Prevents overinflation.
  • Factors affecting breathing rate: Emotions, temperature, pain, airway irritation, etc.
  • Exercise effect: Increased pulmonary perfusion, ventilation, depth of breathing.

Homeostatic Imbalances

  • COPD: Smoking associated disorder with impaired ciliary function, reduced alveolar surface area.
  • Emphysema: Immune destruction of alveolar walls.

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Test your knowledge of the respiratory system and its functions with this engaging quiz. Explore topics like gas exchange, internal respiration, and the physiological responses related to changes in blood pH and pressure. Perfect for biology students or anyone interested in human anatomy.

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