Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • Excretion of waste products
  • Circulation of blood
  • Gas exchange (correct)
  • Nutrient absorption

    • Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the lung tissues and blood.

    False

    Name one function of the respiratory system aside from gas exchange.

    Regulates blood pH

    The portion of the respiratory system that includes the nose and nasal cavity is called the _____ upper _____ respiratory system.

    <p>upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the respiratory system with their descriptions:

    <p>Pharynx = Connects the nasal cavity to the larynx Larynx = Contains the vocal cords Bronchi = Main passageways to the lungs Alveoli = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs when blood pH is low?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocapnia can result from hyperventilation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one effect of increased blood pressure on respiration rate.

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The response to low blood pH involves the stimulation of the _____ to increase breathing.

    <p>DRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Hypocapnia = Low PCO2 in blood Baroreceptors = Senses lung stretching Pulmonary perfusion = Blood flow to the lungs Emphysema = Destruction of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effect of emotions on the respiratory system?

    <p>They can speed up breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflation reflex prevents underinflation of the lungs during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variable is primarily increased during exercise that stimulates the DRG?

    <p>H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the left and right halves of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vocal folds are made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tonsils?

    <p>Trap pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tube comprising nine rings of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the trachea is called the ________.

    <p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the larynx with their descriptions:

    <p>Thyroid cartilage = Forms the anterior surface of the larynx Epiglottis = Covers the entrance to the larynx during swallowing Cricoid cartilage = Landmark for tracheotomies Vocal folds = Responsible for sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for swirling inhaled air in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasal conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage forms the anterior surface of the larynx, commonly known as the Adam's apple?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ridge at the branch point of the trachea that triggers the cough reflex is called the ________.

    <p>carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?

    <p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pleural fluid?

    <p>Reduces friction and provides surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inferior portion of the lungs is called the apex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cells found in the alveoli?

    <p>Type I and Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The space between the lungs is called the ________.

    <p>mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the lung with their respective functions:

    <p>Alveoli = Site for gas exchange Bronchi = Conduct air to the lungs Pulmonary arteries = Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs Surfactant = Reduces surface tension in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure permits the passage of bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hemoglobin is almost saturated at a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) between 60–100 mm Hg?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin consists of four protein subunits, each containing one heme molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left lung has a middle lobe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Prevents walls of alveoli from sticking together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule binds to the iron atom in heme?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hb has a low affinity for oxygen at _____ pH.

    <p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ bronchi branch into segmental bronchi.

    <p>lobar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Boyle's Law?

    <p>Pressure is inversely proportional to volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Carbaminohemoglobin = Product of hemoglobin binding with carbon dioxide Bicarbonate = Form of carbon dioxide transport in plasma Chloride shift = Movement of chloride ions into red blood cells Medulla oblongata = Part of the brain controlling basic breathing rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in the body?

    <p>Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bronchial arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to the lung tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pulmonary capillaries are where carbon dioxide is absorbed into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inhalation occur with respect to pressure changes?

    <p>Pressure inside the lungs must be decreased below atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ membrane consists of the alveoli and associated capillaries.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

    <p>Normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide in the blood is primarily transported as _____ bicarbonate.

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of a passageway to remain unobstructed?

    <p>Patency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as temperature increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes have mitochondria and produce energy through aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two centers in the brain regulate the action of respiratory muscles?

    <p>Medulla oblongata and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At systemic capillaries, the saturation of hemoglobin is approximately _____%.

    <p>75</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the chemoreceptors with their locations:

    <p>Central chemoreceptors = Near the medulla oblongata Peripheral chemoreceptors = Aortic and carotid bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>Contraction increases volume in the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is typically an active process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components that ensure lung tissue expands during inhalation?

    <p>intrapleural pressure and negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the diaphragm ________ the thoracic cavity by approximately ________ cm during normal inhalation.

    <p>depresses, 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pulmonary conditions with their effects:

    <p>Low compliance = High effort required for breathing Respiratory distress syndrome = Difficulty breathing due to insufficient surfactant Pleural effusion = Decreased lung volume due to fluid accumulation COPD = Increased airway resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During strenuous inhalation, how much can the diaphragm be depressed?

    <p>Up to 10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compliance refers to the distensibility of elastic tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas that affects the rate of respiration due to its higher solubility in water?

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of gases in the body occurs from areas of ________ partial pressure to areas of ________ partial pressure.

    <p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen in blood is transported on hemoglobin?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air through the respiratory system faces resistance regardless of airway diameter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the accumulation of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange between the alveoli and blood occurs during ________ respiration.

    <p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the rate of passive diffusion of gases?

    <p>Color of the gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when tissue cells produce carbon dioxide?

    <p>aerobic cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiration Overview

    • Respiration is the process of acquiring oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.
    • Three steps occur within the human body:
      • Pulmonary ventilation: Gas exchange between the atmosphere and lung tissues.
      • External respiration: Gas exchange between lung tissues and blood.
      • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.
    • Respiratory system functions:
      • Gas exchange.
      • Regulates blood pH.
      • Phonation (speech), sense of smell, filters inhaled air, and excretes wastes during exhalation.
      • Oto(rhino)laryngology is the study of the respiratory system.
    • Cells need oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration.

    Anatomy of the Respiratory System

    • Structurally divided into:
      • Upper respiratory system: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
      • Lower respiratory system: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
    • Functionally divided into:
      • Conducting zone: Directs air towards the respiratory zone; filters, warms, and humidifies air.
      • Respiratory zone: Site of gas exchange; includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

    Upper Respiratory System

    • Nose: Made of bone, cartilage, and connective tissues; has external nares (nostrils).
    • Nasal Cavity: Interior anterior space of the nose, divided by the nasal septum, contains conchae (swirl air), olfactory epithelium (smell receptors).
    • Pharynx: Tube of skeletal muscle with mucosa:
      • Nasopharynx (superior): Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium; sweeps mucus to pharynx.
      • Oropharynx (intermediate): Common passage for air and food; non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
      • Laryngopharynx (inferior): Similar to oropharynx, but inferior.

    Larynx

    • Nine rings of cartilage:
      • Thyroid cartilage: Anterior surface of larynx; Adam's apple (larger in males).
      • Epiglottis: Flap of elastic cartilage; covers larynx opening during swallowing.
      • Cricoid cartilage: Inferior ring of larynx.
    • Vocal cords/folds:
      • True vocal cords (inferior): Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, generate sound.
      • False vocal cords (superior): Protect true cords.

    Trachea

    • 2.5 cm wide x 12 cm long tube, 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
    • Cartilage maintains patency (openness).
    • Anterior to the esophagus; lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

    Bronchi

    • Carina: Ridge at the trachea's branch point (cough reflex trigger).
    • Branch into smaller tubes (bronchial tree) ending in terminal bronchioles.
    • Changes in respiratory tissues throughout bronchial tree.

    Lungs

    • Wrapped in pleural membrane (two membranes, pleural fluid reducing friction).
    • Separated by mediastinum, lungs extend from clavicles to diaphragm.
    • Hilum: Passage for bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
    • Cardiac Notch: Houses heart; decreases size of the left lung.
    • Fissures divide lungs into lobes (oblique fissure divides superior and inferior lobes; horizontal fissure divides the middle lobe on the right lung).
    • Lobar bronchi: named after the lobes they enter.
    • Bronchopulmonary segments: supported by individual segmental bronchi; divisible regions for surgical removal.
    • Lobules: Smaller compartments with a terminal bronchiole, vessels, and lymphatics, with elastic connective tissue.
    • Respiratory bronchioles: Microscopic branches with simple cuboidal epithelium; branch into alveolar ducts. Alveolar ducts terminate in alveolar sacs.
    • Alveoli: Air sacs for gas exchange; with Type I (thin squamous epithelium), and Type II (cuboidal, secrete surfactant) alveolar cells.

    Respiratory Membrane

    • Alveoli + associated capillaries; very thin (0.5 µm).
    • Layers: Alveolar wall (Type I & II cells, macrophages), epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium.

    Blood Supply to Lungs

    • Pulmonary arteries: Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle for oxygenation.
    • Bronchial arteries: Deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue from aorta.

    Gas Exchanges and Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation is inhalation and exhalation, changing thoracic cavity pressure.
    • Inhalation (inspiration):
      • Decreasing lung pressure below atmospheric pressure to draw air inward.
      • Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity, lungs expand too.
      • Boyle's Law: Pressure inversely proportional to volume. Increasing volume lowers pressure, pulling air in.
    • Exhalation (expiration):
      • Passive process; respiratory muscles relax; lung recoil increases intraplural pressure.
      • Gases move out.

    Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Surfactant: Prevents alveolar collapse.
    • Compliance: Chest wall and lung distensibility; high compliance = low effort to breathe; low compliance = high effort.
    • Resistance: Determined by airway diameter; increased resistance = difficulties like in COPD.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Lung volumes: Specific measures of air; measured by spirometry.
    • Lung capacities: Sums of lung volumes

    Principles of Gas Exchange

    • Passive diffusion from high to low partial pressure.
    • Solubility: CO2 is more soluble in water than oxygen.
    • External respiration: Gas exchange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
    • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

    Oxygen Transport

    • Hemoglobin (Hb) in erythrocytes transports 98.5% of oxygen.
    • Hemoglobin saturation: affected by PO2 (high PO2 = high saturation), blood acidity, PCO2, temperature.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Three forms:
      • Dissolved CO2.
      • Bound to proteins/carbamino compounds.
      • Bicarbonate form (majority).
    • Chloride shift: Maintains erythrocyte electrical balance during CO2 transport.

    Regulation of Breathing

    • Respiratory center: Medulla oblongata and pons (DRG and VRG regulate breathing).
    • Chemoreceptors (central & peripheral) sense changes in PCO2 and pH.
    • Inflation reflex: Prevents overinflation.
    • Factors affecting breathing rate: Emotions, temperature, pain, airway irritation, etc.
    • Exercise effect: Increased pulmonary perfusion, ventilation, depth of breathing.

    Homeostatic Imbalances

    • COPD: Smoking associated disorder with impaired ciliary function, reduced alveolar surface area.
    • Emphysema: Immune destruction of alveolar walls.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the respiratory system and its functions with this engaging quiz. Explore topics like gas exchange, internal respiration, and the physiological responses related to changes in blood pH and pressure. Perfect for biology students or anyone interested in human anatomy.

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