Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

  • They position and stabilize the larynx.
  • They elevate the larynx during swallowing.
  • They control the tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis. (correct)
  • They prevent the trachea from collapsing.

    • What is the primary function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

  • To provide flexibility to the trachea during swallowing.
  • To filter air entering the lungs.
  • To produce mucus for lubrication.
  • To prevent the trachea from collapsing. (correct)

    • Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the process of swallowing?

  • Epiglottis
  • Goblet cells (correct)
  • Larynx
  • Cricoid cartilage

    • What is the primary function of the carina?

    <p>To connect the trachea to the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscles in the posterior wall of the trachea?

    <p>To contract during coughing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the seromucous glands in the trachea?

    <p>To produce mucus for lubrication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the trachea extend from and to?

    <p>Larynx to the mediastinum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood?

    <p>External respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas law states that individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance?

    <p>Dalton's Law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the movement of O2 from the blood to the cell interior?

    <p>Internal respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Henry's Law, what factor determines the amount of gas in solution?

    <p>Partial pressure of the gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the physiological movement of air into and out of the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can control the respiratory rate according to various stimuli?

    <p>Conscious thought and emotional states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aging affect the respiratory system?

    <p>Decreases vital capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Manage the immune response and attack foreign cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes B cells?

    <p>They produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which center is indicated to play a role in controlling respiration?

    <p>Apneustic center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary lymphatic organs from secondary lymphatic organs?

    <p>Primary organs include the red bone marrow and thymus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the deterioration of elastic tissue have on the lungs?

    <p>Lower lung compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions can lead to hyperventilation?

    <p>Anxiety and fast breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell primarily acts to phagocytize foreign substances?

    <p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dendritic cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They capture antigens and present them to T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen when voluntary control of respiration is exerted?

    <p>It can temporarily change the respiratory rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common respiratory change that occurs with age?

    <p>Decreased maximal respiratory effort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily influenced by emotional states affecting respiration?

    <p>Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune response?

    <p>Facilitate cytolysis of microbes and promote phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an iron-binding protein?

    <p>Mast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) in the immune system?

    <p>Attract immune cells to sites of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the chemotaxis phase of phagocytosis?

    <p>Phagocytes migrate towards chemical signals from microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of inflammation?

    <p>It involves processes such as vasodilation and tissue repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of phagocytes during the inflammatory response?

    <p>To migrate to the site of injury and engulf microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance increases the permeability of blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Histamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During phagocytosis, which step follows adherence to the microbe?

    <p>Ingestion of the microbe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is classified as a Natural Killer (NK) cell?

    <p>A lymphocyte that targets infected body cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the five steps in phagocytosis?

    <p>Each step contributes to the overall destruction of pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Nose and pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is not associated with the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily identified as the site of gas exchange?

    <p>Alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Trachea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the respiratory zone?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT included in the conducting zone?

    <p>Alveolar ducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for filtering the air?

    <p>Nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly describes the flow of air through the respiratory system?

    <p>Nasal cavity → Trachea → Bronchi → Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Upper Respiratory Tract

    Includes the nose, pharynx, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses.

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    Includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

    Conducting Zone

    Structures that transport air but do not exchange gases.

    Respiratory Zone

    Structures where gas exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs, including alveoli.

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    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Gas Exchange

    Process where O2 is transferred into the blood and CO2 is removed.

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    Function of Respiratory System

    To facilitate breathing and gas exchange in the body.

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    Regulation of Respiration

    Control of breathing mechanisms to meet body demands.

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    Pulmonary ventilation

    The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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    External respiration

    The exchange of O2 from lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs.

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    Gas transport

    Mechanisms that move O2 and CO2 through the blood.

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    Internal respiration

    Movement of O2 from blood to cells and CO2 from cells to blood.

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    Dalton's Law

    In a gas mixture, each gas exerts pressure proportional to its abundance.

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    Laryngeal Musculature

    Muscles in the neck and pharynx that stabilize and position the larynx.

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    Epiglottis Function

    Bends over the glottis to prevent food from entering the airway.

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    Trachea Structure

    Tube extending from the larynx to the mediastinum, lined with pseudostratified epithelium.

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    C-shaped Cartilage

    16-20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that keep the trachea open.

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    Smooth Muscle Role

    Found in the posterior wall of the trachea, contracts during coughing.

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    Goblet Cells

    Mucus-secreting cells found in the tracheal lining.

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    Carina

    The last tracheal cartilage, with a sensitive projection, at the tracheal bifurcation.

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    Primary Bronchi Division

    The trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebra.

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    Lymphocytes

    Main cells involved in the immune response, including T cells and B cells.

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    T cells

    Lymphocytes that manage the immune response and destroy foreign cells.

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    B cells

    Lymphocytes that produce plasma cells to secrete antibodies that immobilize antigens.

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    Antigen

    A substance the body perceives as foreign, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells.

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    Primary vs Secondary lymphatic organs

    Primary organs include red bone marrow and thymus; secondary include lymph nodes and spleen where immune responses occur.

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    Hyperventilation

    A state of fast breathing often linked to anxiety.

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    Voluntary Control of Respiration

    Conscious thought can change breathing rates by activating brain centers.

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    Effect of Emotions on Breathing

    Emotional states can alter respiratory rates via nervous system reactions.

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    Aging and Respiratory Efficiency

    Aging decreases respiratory efficiency due to tissue deterioration and restrictions.

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    Lung Compliance

    The ability of lungs to stretch and expand; decreases with age or disease.

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    Vital Capacity

    The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

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    Chest Movement Restrictions

    Aging may restrict chest movements due to arthritis and other changes.

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    Emphysema

    A lung condition that causes shortness of breath due to damaged air sacs.

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    Complement

    Proteins in blood plasma that enhance immune reactions.

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    Iron-binding proteins

    Proteins that inhibit bacterial growth by reducing available iron.

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    Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

    Short peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

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    Natural Killer (NK) cells

    Lymphocytes that kill infected cells and tumor cells.

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    Phagocytes

    Cells like neutrophils and macrophages that engulf pathogens.

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    Chemotaxis

    Movement of phagocytes towards infection sites.

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    Phagocytosis steps

    Process consisting of chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing.

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    Inflammation

    Nonspecific response to tissue damage characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

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    Vasodilation

    Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and permeability.

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    Emigration of phagocytes

    Phagocytes move to the site of inflammation within an hour.

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    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts.
    • The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
    • The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
    • The respiratory system can also be separated into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone.
    • The conducting zone transports air but plays no role in gas exchange.
    • It includes nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and all bronchioles except for respiratory bronchioles.
    • These structures are involved in transporting, filtering, humidifying, and warming air.
    • The respiratory zone involves structures where O2 and CO2 exchange occurs, sites for gas exchange are alveoli.
    • All respiratory zone structures contain alveoli and include: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
    • The respiratory system includes the trachea, which is inferior to the cricoid cartilage, extends from the larynx to the mediastinum, divides into left and right primary bronchi at the fifth thoracic vertebra, and is lined by pseudostratified epithelium associated with goblet cells.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Understand the anatomy of the respiratory system
    • Understand the function of the respiratory system
    • Understand the process of gas exchange and gas transport
    • Understand the regulation of respiration

    The Pharynx

    • Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.
    • Divided into three sections:
      • Nasopharynx (pseudostratified columnar): Superior portion, enclosed by uvula during swallowing
      • Oropharynx (Stratified squamous): Continuous with the oral cavity
      • Laryngopharynx: From tip of epiglottis until esophagus

    The Larynx

    • Air passes through the glottis on the way to the lungs (C4-C6)
    • The larynx protects the glottis (pathway).
    • Nine cartilages form the larynx.
      • Three large cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis)
      • Six paired cartilages (cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoids)
      • Arytenoid cartilages change vocal cord position and tension.

    Vocal Cords

    • Primary source of voice production.
    • Two pairs of ligaments at the thyroid cartilage extending posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilage.
    • Superior ligaments (vestibular folds - false vocal cords).
    • Inferior ligaments (true vocal cords).
    • Controlled by the posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.
    • Moving air through vocal cords causes vibration, producing sound. Male voices are lower due to thicker vocal folds.

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs. Depends on Boyle's law.
    • Movement of air depends upon Boyle's Law (pressure and volume inverse relationship), with volume changes creating pressure changes.
    • Volume depends on the movement of the diaphragm and ribs.
    • Pressure and airflow in the lungs are regulated for breathing in and breathing out.

    Respiration

    • Respiration is associated with four processes: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration.
    • Pulmonary ventilation: The movement of air in and out of the lungs
    • External respiration: The movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.
    • Gas transport: The mechanisms by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are moved through the blood.
    • Internal respiration: The movement of oxygen from the blood to the cell interior and carbon dioxide from the cell interior to the blood.

    Gas Laws in Respiration

    • Dalton's law: Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance.
    • Henry's law: The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to its partial pressure.

    Respiratory Capacity

    • Various measures of lung volumes
    • (Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume)
    • Various measures of lung volumes - Capacity (Inspiratory capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, Vital Capacity, Total Lung Capacity)

    Aging and the Respiratory System

    • The efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age due to deteriorating elastic tissues, which leads to lower lung compliance and vital capacity and restricted chest movements due to arthritic changes.
    • Some degree of emphysema normally occurs during aging.

    Bronchi

    • The trachea divides into two main bronchi
    • The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left. This makes it more susceptible to obstruction by foreign objects.
    • The bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium supported by C-shaped cartilage.
    • Air reaching the bronchi is filtered, warmed, and humidified.

    Bronchial Tree

    • Each main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) and further into segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi).
    • Right lung contains three lobar bronchi and left lung contains two.

    Bronchioles

    • Terminal bronchioles are the last bronchioles without alveoli.
    • Respiratory bronchioles are bronchioles with alveoli
    • Cartilage in the walls decreases while smooth muscle increases with branching.
    • Relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle control the diameter of the airways.

    The Lungs

    • Lungs are separated by fissures-right lung - 3 lobes
    • Left lung - 2 lobes.
    • Concavity on the medial surface = cardiac notch

    Lung Cells

    • Alveolar cells (Pneumocytes type 1) cells line the alveolar surface.
    • Septal cells (Pneumocytes type 2) cells secrete surfactant, a lipid-rich material.
    • Alveolar macrophages destroy any foreign bodies.

    Pleural Membranes and Cavities

    • Pleura is serous membrane lining the pleural cavity for each lung.
    • Parietal pleura attaches to the chest wall.
    • Visceral pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs.
    • Pleural fluid fills the area between the pleura.
    • Pleural fluid reduces friction between visceral and parietal pleura.

    Conducting Zone

    • Structures that transport air but play no role in gas exchange.
    • Includes nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles except for respiratory bronchioles.
    • Structures in the conducting zone are responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the inhaled air.

    Respiratory Zone

    • Respiratory zone structures are located where the gas exchange between air and blood occurs.
    • Alveoli are known as the sites of gas exchange.
    • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph vessels, structures, and organs containing lymphatic tissue and red bone marrow.
    • Its functions drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out our immune responses.
    • Lymphatic vessels are closed at one end and resemble veins in structure but have more valves.
    • Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid, return proteins to blood, and transport lipids.
    • Lymphatic vessels travel to lymph nodes.
    • Lymphoid organs with masses of B and T cells include the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules.

    Lymphatic Capillaries

    • Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries.
    • Permit interstitial fluid to flow into blood vessels but not out.
    • Anchoring filaments pull openings wider when interstitial fluid accumulates.

    Lymph Trunks and Ducts

    • Structures formed when lymph vessels unite are called lymph trunks
    • Principal trunks are the lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular trunks.
    • The main channels are the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

    Lymphoid Cells

    • Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in the immune response. Two main varieties of lymphocytes are T Cells and B Cells. Both types protect the body against antigens.

    Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

    • Lymphoid tissue is classified into two groups depending on function: Primary Lymphoid Organs and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
    • Primary lymphoid organs where stem cells divide to become immune competent. Red bone marrow and thymus.
    • Secondary lymphoid organs where most immune responses occur. Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules.

    Lymphoid Organs

    • Tonsils, located in the pharyngeal region
    • Thymus, located in the thorax, most active during youth.
    • Spleen, curves around the left side of the stomach.
    • Peyer's patches, located in the intestine.
    • Appendix.

    Thymus

    • Thymic lobes contain an outer cortex and inner medulla.
    • Cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages.
    • Medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles.

    Lymph Nodes

    • Located along lymphatic vessels, scattered throughout the body.
    • Stroma consists of capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts.
    • Parenchyma - the outer cortex are aggregates of B cells (lymphatic nodules or follicles).
    • Plasma B cells and memory B cells form in the outer cortex, while the inner cortex mainly contains T cells and dendritic cells.
    • B cells, plasma cells, and macrophages are in the medulla

    Spleen

    • Largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body, has a capsule.
    • Stroma consists of capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers and fibroblasts
    • Parenchyma - White pulp is lymphatic tissue with lymphocytes and macrophages.
    • B cells and T cells carry out immune function
    • Red Pulp is blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic cords containing red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and granulocytes.

    Lymphatic Nodules

    • Not surrounded by a capsule.
    • Scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes — GI, Urinary, Reproductive tracts, and in the respiratory tract.
    • Often small and solitary, but sometimes larger, like tonsils, Peyer's patches and appendix.

    Immune System

    • Innate: Immunity present at birth, no specific recognition of antigens, 1st and 2nd lines of defense
    • Adaptive: Immunity developed after birth, distinguishes foreign antigens, includes specificity and memory
    • First line of defenses include Skin and Mucous Membranes
    • Second line of defenses include Phagocytic leukocytes, Antimicrobial proteins, and Fever
    • Third line of defenses include Lymphocytes and Antibodies

    Immune Actions

    • Filtration: Macrophages destroys microorganisms and debris within the immune system
    • Immune system activation: Monitors for antigens and mounts an attack against them.

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    Chapter 9 Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, the function of cartilage rings in the trachea, and the process of gas exchange. This quiz covers important concepts related to the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Check your understanding of lung mechanics and the roles of various structures in breathing.

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