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Questions and Answers
Which group in the medullary respiratory center is most active during inspiration?
Which group in the medullary respiratory center is most active during inspiration?
The pontine respiratory group is known to regulate respiration rate, but its precise function is clearly understood.
The pontine respiratory group is known to regulate respiration rate, but its precise function is clearly understood.
False
What is the role of the pre-Bötzinger complex in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the pre-Bötzinger complex in the respiratory system?
It helps establish the basic rhythm of respiration.
The medullary respiratory center starts inspiration and receives stimulation from receptors for blood gas levels, __________, movements of muscles and joints, and emotions.
The medullary respiratory center starts inspiration and receives stimulation from receptors for blood gas levels, __________, movements of muscles and joints, and emotions.
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Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:
Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
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The larynx is commonly referred to as the windpipe.
The larynx is commonly referred to as the windpipe.
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What must be removed from the blood as a by-product of ATP production?
What must be removed from the blood as a by-product of ATP production?
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The _______ serves as a shared passageway for food and air.
The _______ serves as a shared passageway for food and air.
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Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their descriptions:
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What effect does increased levels of CO2 in the blood have?
What effect does increased levels of CO2 in the blood have?
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Identify one function of the external nose.
Identify one function of the external nose.
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What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?
What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?
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The left lung has three lobes.
The left lung has three lobes.
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Name the primary organ of respiration.
Name the primary organ of respiration.
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Deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs by the ______.
Deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs by the ______.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What shape are the lungs?
What shape are the lungs?
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The apex of the lungs extends below the clavicle.
The apex of the lungs extends below the clavicle.
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What do superficial lymphatic vessels in the lungs drain?
What do superficial lymphatic vessels in the lungs drain?
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The right lung contains ______ lobes, while the left lung contains ______ lobes.
The right lung contains ______ lobes, while the left lung contains ______ lobes.
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What is the main function of the pleura?
What is the main function of the pleura?
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The visceral pleura is the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
The visceral pleura is the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
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What are the two aspects involved in the process of ventilation?
What are the two aspects involved in the process of ventilation?
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The diaphragm and external intercostals are considered muscles of ______.
The diaphragm and external intercostals are considered muscles of ______.
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Match the following muscles with their function:
Match the following muscles with their function:
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Which of the following best describes quiet breathing?
Which of the following best describes quiet breathing?
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Labored expiration requires passive muscle activity.
Labored expiration requires passive muscle activity.
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Name two muscles involved in expiration.
Name two muscles involved in expiration.
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The space around each lung is called the ______.
The space around each lung is called the ______.
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What is the primary role of the muscles of respiration?
What is the primary role of the muscles of respiration?
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What is the primary role of pleural pressure in the lungs?
What is the primary role of pleural pressure in the lungs?
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A pneumothorax occurs when the pleural cavity is intact and the lung remains inflated.
A pneumothorax occurs when the pleural cavity is intact and the lung remains inflated.
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Name one factor that influences the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane.
Name one factor that influences the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane.
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Gas diffuses from a higher partial pressure on one side of the respiratory membrane to a lower partial pressure on the ______.
Gas diffuses from a higher partial pressure on one side of the respiratory membrane to a lower partial pressure on the ______.
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Match the gases with their diffusion direction in the lungs:
Match the gases with their diffusion direction in the lungs:
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What happens to alveoli during a pneumothorax?
What happens to alveoli during a pneumothorax?
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A thicker respiratory membrane facilitates faster gas diffusion.
A thicker respiratory membrane facilitates faster gas diffusion.
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What generates the partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange?
What generates the partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange?
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Blood returning from tissues has a lower partial pressure of ______ compared to the air in the alveoli.
Blood returning from tissues has a lower partial pressure of ______ compared to the air in the alveoli.
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Which factor does NOT influence gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?
Which factor does NOT influence gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System: Anatomy
- The respiratory system's purpose is acquiring oxygen (O2) and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood.
- All body cells need O2 to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a crucial energy source.
- CO2 is a byproduct of ATP production and must be removed from the bloodstream to maintain proper pH levels. Higher CO2 levels decrease blood pH.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- External nose: Encloses the chamber for air inhalation.
- Nasal cavity: Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air, acting as a filtration, warming, and humidifying chamber.
- Pharynx (throat): Shares a passageway for food and air, acting as a conduit for both.
- Larynx (voice box): Contains the vocal cords, essential for voice production.
- Trachea (windpipe): A tube that cleans and funnels inhaled air into each lung.
- Bronchi: Direct air into the lungs.
- Lungs: Contain intricate networks of air tubes and alveoli (air sacs), where gas exchange with the blood occurs.
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Upper respiratory tract: Structures from the nose to the larynx.
- Lower respiratory tract: Structures from the trachea to the alveoli in the lungs.
- Conducting zone: Structures that transport air, such as from the nose to the air tubes in the lungs.
- Respiratory zone: Structures, including alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Functions of the Respiratory System Details
- Ventilation: Breathing—the process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
- External respiration: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air in the lungs and the blood.
- Gas transport: Movement of O2 and CO2 in the blood to and from cells.
- Internal respiration: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues.
Additional Functions of the Respiratory System
- Regulation of blood pH: The respiratory system adjusts blood pH by altering CO2 levels.
- Production of chemical mediators: The lungs produce an enzyme (ACE—angiotensin-converting enzyme) that regulates blood pressure.
- Voice production: Air moving past vocal folds produces sounds and speech.
- Olfaction (smell): Airborne molecules detected in the nasal cavity.
- Protection: Preventing some microorganisms from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces.
Anatomy of the Nose
- External nose: Primarily composed of hyaline cartilage.
- Nasal cavity: Extends from nares (nostrils) to the choanae (openings to the pharynx). The hard palate forms its roof, and the nasal septum divides it into two halves.
- Paranasal sinuses: Air-filled spaces within bones that open into the nasal cavity.
- Conchae: Bony projections on the nasal cavity's lateral walls that increase surface area for warming, cleaning, and humidifying inspired air.
- Nasolacrimal ducts: Carry tears from the eyes into the nasal cavity.
Functions of the Nasal Cavity
- Serves as an air passageway, remaining open even when the mouth is full,
- Cleans the air: Lined with hairs to trap dust particles.
- Humidifies and warms inspired air.
- Contains the olfactory epithelium, the sensory organ for smell.
- Helps determine voice sounds as nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers.
Pharynx
- Pharynx: Passage for both air and food.
- Nasopharynx: Air passageway.
- Oropharynx: Passage for food and air.
- Laryngopharynx: Passage for food and air.
- Uvula: Extension of the soft palate, acting as a flap to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.
- Pharyngeal tonsils: Part of the lymphatic system, assisting in defending against infections.
Larynx
- Located in the anterior throat.
- Composed of nine cartilages, the largest being the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple).
- Epiglottis: Cartilage preventing swallowed material from entering the larynx.
Vestibular Folds and Vocal Folds
- Vestibular folds (false vocal cords): Folds of tissue within the larynx.
- Vocal folds (true vocal cords): Produce sound during speech, with the force of air determining loudness and tension pitch.
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Trachea: Windpipe; a tube with C-shaped cartilage rings to keep it open and support its shape.
- Bronchi: Two tubes that branch from the trachea and enter each lung.
- Tracheobronchial tree in lungs: Branched network of tubes bringing air deeper into the lungs.
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli
- Small air sacs where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.
- Surrounded by capillaries and amount to approximately 300 million in the lungs.
Respiratory Membrane
- Formed by the walls of alveoli and capillaries.
- Important part of the gas exchange process due to its thin structure, allowing for the diffusion of gases.
- Also, a respiratory membrane is found in the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles.
Thoracic Wall and Muscles of Respiration
- Thoracic wall: Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and associated muscles.
- Thoracic cavity: Space enclosed by the thoracic wall and diaphragm.
- Diaphragm: Sheet of skeletal muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
- During ventilation, the actions of the diaphragm and skeletal muscles alter thoracic volume, aiding the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts and descends.
- Rib cage expands.
- Thoracic cavity volume increases.
- Air pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases.
- Air flows into the lungs.
Expiration
- Diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
- Rib cage recoils.
- Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
- Air pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.
- Air flows out of the lungs.
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
- Spirometer: Measures pulmonary volumes.
- Tidal volume: Volume of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing.
- Inspiratory reserve volume: Volume that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
- Expiratory reserve volume: Volume that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
- Residual volume: Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
- Inspiratory capacity: Total volume inhalable after a normal exhalation.
- Functional residual capacity: Amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
- Vital capacity: Total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
- Total lung capacity: Total volume of gas that the lungs can hold.
Alveolar Ventilation
- Measures the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute.
- Only some inhaled air reaches the alveoli for gas exchange, with the rest considered dead space.
Anatomical and Physiological Dead Space
- Anatomical dead space: Areas of the upper and lower respiratory tracts where no gas exchange takes place.
- Physiological dead space: Anatomical dead space plus the volume of alveoli not effectively involved in gas exchange.
Alveolar Pressure Changes
- Inspiration: Decrease in alveolar pressure.
- Expiration: Increase in alveolar pressure.
Factors Affecting Ventilation
- Gender
- Age
- Body size
- Physical fitness
Partial Pressure
- Partial pressure: Pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases.
- Based on the amount of a gas and its total pressure.
- Atmosphere contains 21% O2.
- The partial pressure of O2 at sea level is 160 mm Hg.
Lung Recoil
- Expanded lungs tend to return to their original size, a process aided by the elastic fibers and fluid lining the alveoli.
Surfactant
- Mixture of lipoproteins produced by alveolar secretory cells.
- Reduces surface tension.
- Prevents lung collapse.
Pleural Pressure
- The pressure within the pleural cavity, always less than alveolar pressure.
- Helps prevent lung collapse.
- Pneumothorax: Piercing of the thoracic wall or lung causes lung collapse.
Diffusion Through Respiratory Membrane
- Partial pressure gradients for O2 and CO2 influence diffusion rates.
Gas Exchange- Lungs
- O2 moves from the alveoli into blood vessels (capillaries).
- CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli.
Gas Exchange- Tissues
- O2 moves from blood vessels into tissues.
- CO2 moves from tissues into blood vessels.
Respiratory Membrane Thickness and Surface Area
- Increased membrane thickness slows gas diffusion.
- Lung edema can result in decreased gas exchange.
- Reduced membrane surface area diminishes gas exchange.
O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood
- O2 carried primarily by hemoglobin.
- O2 dissolves slightly in the plasma.
- CO2 transported in three ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
Hemoglobin
- Protein within red blood cells that binds O2.
Oxygen Transport in Blood
- Hemoglobin carries most oxygen—98.5%.
- A small amount dissolves in the plasma—1.5%.
Carbon Dioxide Transport and Blood pH
- CO2 diffuses from cells into blood and is carried in three ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.
- Bicarbonate conversion impacts blood pH, crucial for normal physiological function.
Regulation of Ventilation
- Respiratory rate is regulated to maintain proper blood gas levels (O2 and CO2), influencing blood pH.
- Chemoreceptors respond to changes in CO2, O2, and pH to adjust the ventilation rate.
- Stretch receptors in the lungs (Hering-Breuer reflex) help to prevent over-expansion during inhalation.
Medullary and Pontine Respiratory Centers
- The medullary respiratory centers (DRG and VRG) establish the basic rhythm of breathing.
- Pontine respiratory group modifies breathing rate.
Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation
- The medullary respiratory center generates the basic rhythm of respiration, influenced by receptors and adjusting to changes in blood gas levels, temperature, muscle/joint movements, and emotional status.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with this engaging quiz. Explore key concepts such as the medullary respiratory center, the role of the diaphragm, and the functions of various respiratory structures. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology!
