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Questions and Answers
What was the initial rate of quiet breathing recorded in the pneumograph readings?
What was the initial rate of quiet breathing recorded in the pneumograph readings?
- 15 breaths/min
- 10 breaths/min
- 20 breaths/min
- 12 breaths/min (correct)
During talking, the respiratory rate becomes regulated and consistent.
During talking, the respiratory rate becomes regulated and consistent.
False (B)
What happens to the respiratory rate and depth during running in place?
What happens to the respiratory rate and depth during running in place?
Increased rate and depth of breathing.
When swallowing water, respiration __________.
When swallowing water, respiration __________.
Match the test performed with its respiratory observation:
Match the test performed with its respiratory observation:
What is the primary reason hyperventilation leads to reduced respiratory drive?
What is the primary reason hyperventilation leads to reduced respiratory drive?
Breath-holding after a forceful expiration results in a longer breath-holding interval compared to deep inhalation.
Breath-holding after a forceful expiration results in a longer breath-holding interval compared to deep inhalation.
How do COâ‚‚ levels affect blood pH when the breathing rate decreases?
How do COâ‚‚ levels affect blood pH when the breathing rate decreases?
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
Air flows out of the lungs when thoracic volume increases.
Air flows out of the lungs when thoracic volume increases.
What is the approximate increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?
What is the approximate increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?
The volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called __________.
The volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called __________.
Match the respiratory volume terms with their normal values:
Match the respiratory volume terms with their normal values:
What effect does an opening in the chest cavity have on lung inflation?
What effect does an opening in the chest cavity have on lung inflation?
The medulla oblongata and pons are responsible for regulating the rate of respiration.
The medulla oblongata and pons are responsible for regulating the rate of respiration.
What is the combined impact of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during inspiration?
What is the combined impact of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles during inspiration?
What happens to the thoracic volume and internal pressure during inspiration?
What happens to the thoracic volume and internal pressure during inspiration?
The diaphragmatic contraction leads to an increase in chest circumference of 2-3 inches during forced inspiration.
The diaphragmatic contraction leads to an increase in chest circumference of 2-3 inches during forced inspiration.
What is the term for the volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration?
What is the term for the volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration?
The __________ increases during contraction of the diaphragm, allowing more air to be inhaled.
The __________ increases during contraction of the diaphragm, allowing more air to be inhaled.
Which brain structures are primarily responsible for regulating the rate of respiration?
Which brain structures are primarily responsible for regulating the rate of respiration?
What occurs when air enters the pleural space due to a puncture wound?
What occurs when air enters the pleural space due to a puncture wound?
Approximately how many milliliters of air can be expelled forcibly after normal expiration?
Approximately how many milliliters of air can be expelled forcibly after normal expiration?
What happens to the breathing rate when a person is standing?
What happens to the breathing rate when a person is standing?
Breathing rate decreases during yawning.
Breathing rate decreases during yawning.
What were the observed symptoms after hyperventilation?
What were the observed symptoms after hyperventilation?
Respiration ceases during the period of __________.
Respiration ceases during the period of __________.
Match the breathing conditions with their effects on respiratory rate:
Match the breathing conditions with their effects on respiratory rate:
What is the likely effect on blood pH if breathing rate decreases?
What is the likely effect on blood pH if breathing rate decreases?
The urge to inspire is felt after exhaling and then holding your breath.
The urge to inspire is felt after exhaling and then holding your breath.
Describe the impact of concentrating on breathing patterns.
Describe the impact of concentrating on breathing patterns.
Which modification of the small intestine increases surface area for absorption?
Which modification of the small intestine increases surface area for absorption?
The esophagus conveys both air and food.
The esophagus conveys both air and food.
What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?
What is the primary function of the ileocecal valve?
The __________ is wormlike and outpockets from the cecum.
The __________ is wormlike and outpockets from the cecum.
Match the following digestive organs with their functions:
Match the following digestive organs with their functions:
Where is the hepatopancreatic sphincter located?
Where is the hepatopancreatic sphincter located?
The hard palate forms the posterior boundary of the oral cavity.
The hard palate forms the posterior boundary of the oral cavity.
What structure secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
What structure secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
What happens to the respiratory rate when a person is running in place?
What happens to the respiratory rate when a person is running in place?
Coughing leads to a regulated and consistent respiratory rate.
Coughing leads to a regulated and consistent respiratory rate.
What is the respiratory behavior observed during yawning?
What is the respiratory behavior observed during yawning?
After hyperventilation, the individual typically experiences a feeling of __________.
After hyperventilation, the individual typically experiences a feeling of __________.
Match the experiment conducted with its observable effect on breathing:
Match the experiment conducted with its observable effect on breathing:
What is the observed effect of breath-holding after a deep inhalation?
What is the observed effect of breath-holding after a deep inhalation?
Breathing slows and becomes more regular while laughing.
Breathing slows and becomes more regular while laughing.
What occurs to COâ‚‚ levels and blood pH when the breathing rate decreases?
What occurs to COâ‚‚ levels and blood pH when the breathing rate decreases?
What internal conditions lead air to flow into the lungs?
What internal conditions lead air to flow into the lungs?
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles do not affect thoracic volume during inspiration.
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles do not affect thoracic volume during inspiration.
What causes the lung on the affected side to collapse in the event of a puncture wound to the chest cavity?
What causes the lung on the affected side to collapse in the event of a puncture wound to the chest cavity?
The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal expiration is called __________.
The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal expiration is called __________.
Match the following respiratory volumes with their normal values:
Match the following respiratory volumes with their normal values:
During forced inspiration, chest circumference can increase by 5-7 inches.
During forced inspiration, chest circumference can increase by 5-7 inches.
Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm located?
Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm located?
What physiological advantage does a greater negative internal pressure during forced inspiration provide?
What physiological advantage does a greater negative internal pressure during forced inspiration provide?
What happens to air pressure inside the lungs when the thoracic volume increases?
What happens to air pressure inside the lungs when the thoracic volume increases?
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles lead to an increase in thoracic volume during expiration.
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles lead to an increase in thoracic volume during expiration.
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called __________.
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called __________.
What physiological effect does a substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration create?
What physiological effect does a substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration create?
A puncture wound in the chest cavity increases the pressure in the pleural space.
A puncture wound in the chest cavity increases the pressure in the pleural space.
Name the two brain structures primarily responsible for regulating the rate of respiration.
Name the two brain structures primarily responsible for regulating the rate of respiration.
What happens to COâ‚‚ levels and blood pH during an increase in breathing rate?
What happens to COâ‚‚ levels and blood pH during an increase in breathing rate?
Coughing results in a regulated and consistent respiratory rate.
Coughing results in a regulated and consistent respiratory rate.
What respiratory behavior is observed when yawning?
What respiratory behavior is observed when yawning?
Breathing __________ slows down after hyperventilation.
Breathing __________ slows down after hyperventilation.
Match the test performed with its corresponding respiratory observation:
Match the test performed with its corresponding respiratory observation:
What is likely to occur when a person is concentrating?
What is likely to occur when a person is concentrating?
During laughing, the respiratory depth may vary based on the nature of the laughter.
During laughing, the respiratory depth may vary based on the nature of the laughter.
After a deep inhalation and breath-holding, what urge is typically felt?
After a deep inhalation and breath-holding, what urge is typically felt?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Physiology
- Air flows into the lungs when thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases.
- Air flows out of the lungs when thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases.
- Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases thoracic volume during inspiration. This increases the superior-inferior and lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
- A quiet inspiration increases chest circumference by approximately 2-3 inches. A forced inspiration increases it more. This substantial increase creates more negative internal pressure, allowing more rapid air intake into the alveoli.
- A puncture wound to the chest cavity destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse.
- Respiratory volumes and capacities are measured by spirometry.
- Tidal volume (TV): ~500ml - The volume of air breathed in and out during a normal respiration
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): ~2700-2800ml - The volume of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal inspiration
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): ~1200ml - The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal expiration
- Residual volume (RV): ~1100ml - The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration
- Vital capacity (VC): ~4800ml - The sum of TV, IRV, and ERV.
Factors Influencing Respiration Rate and Depth
- Respiratory rhythm centers are located in the medulla oblongata and pons.
- Respiratory rate can change based on activity types such as talking, yawning, laughing, standing, running, swallowing, coughing, and lying down, and concentrating.
Factors Influencing Rate and Depth of Respiration
- Increased carbon dioxide, decreased oxygen, and decreased blood pH increase respiratory rate and depth.
- Decreased carbon dioxide, increased oxygen, and increased blood pH decrease respiratory rate and depth.
- The respiratory rate increases during hyperventilation due to low CO2 levels.
Digestive System Anatomy
- The alimentary canal is the tubelike digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus.
- The alimentary canal is divided into a series of layers (from inner to outer): Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
- The muscularis externa in the stomach is modified with an additional oblique layer for enhanced churning activity.
- The stomach, small intestine, and large intestine mechanically and chemically break down food.
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Teeth are involved in the mechanical breakdown of food.
- There are 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- The digestive system has associated organs (e.g., salivary glands, liver, and pancreas) that produce digestive juices.
- Salivary glands produce amylase for starch breakdown.
- The pancreas produces pancreatic enzymes.
- The liver produces bile.
- Gallbladder stores bile.
Digestion of Foodstuffs - Enzymatic Action
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
- Hydrolases are a type of enzyme that break down complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates using water.
Physical Processes - Mechanisms of Food Propulsion and Mixing
- Key processes in food propulsion and mixing include:
- Buccal phase: voluntary phase of swallowing
- Peristalsis: propulsive waves of smooth muscle contraction
- Cardioesophageal sphincter: opens when food/fluids arrive
- Buccal phase: voluntary phase of swallowing
Urinary System Anatomy
- Kidneys are surrounded by a fatty cushion for support.
- The urinary system organs include kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance, and produce urine.
- Ureters connect kidneys to urinary bladder.
- Urinary bladder is a storage tank for urine.
- Urethra is the tube for urine expulsion.
Gross Anatomy of the Pig/Sheep Kidney
- Fibrous capsules are smooth membranes that surround the kidney.
- The cortex is the superficial region of kidney tissue that contains the bulk of the nephron structures.
- The medulla is a region containing mostly collecting ducts.
- The pelvis is an area continuous with the ureter.
- Calyx is an extension of the pelvis.
- Renal columns are areas of cortexlike tissue between the renal pyramids.
Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and includes a collecting duct.
- Components of the nephron include glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
- Blood vessels in the nephron include the glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, afferent arteriole, and efferent arteriole.
Characteristics of Urine
- Normal 24-hour urine volume is 1-1.8 liters.
- Three nitrogenous wastes routinely found in urine are urea, uric acid, and ammonia.
Reproductive System Anatomy
- The testes produce sperm and testosterone.
- Reproductive system structures include epididymis, seminal glands, bulbo-urethral glands, prostate, urethra, seminal vesicles, testes.
- The scrotum keeps testes at a slightly cooler temperature, which is crucial for sperm production.
Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
- The vagina is the copulatory canal.
- The uterine tube is where fertilization typically occurs.
- The ovaries produce eggs (ova).
- The uterus is where the fetus develops.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system's physiology with this quiz. Explore the mechanics of air flow, thoracic volume changes, and how various factors affect lung capacity and function. Understand vital concepts like tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and the implications of chest injuries.
