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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the primary function of diffusion in the respiratory system?
Which of the following is the primary function of diffusion in the respiratory system?
- Regulation of oxygen concentration in inhaled air.
- Movement of air into the alveoli.
- Transportation of blood to alveolar capillaries.
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar capillary membrane. (correct)
What is the significance of FiO2 in respiratory care?
What is the significance of FiO2 in respiratory care?
- It indicates the blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries.
- It measures the rate of ventilation.
- It assesses the level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- It represents the percentage of inspired oxygen. (correct)
Which of the following is an advantage of using a nasal cannula for oxygen delivery?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a nasal cannula for oxygen delivery?
- It is suitable for patients with nasal obstructions.
- It prevents the risk of CO2 rebreathing at any flow rate.
- It allows patients to eat and drink comfortably. (correct)
- It delivers a precise concentration of oxygen regardless of flow rate.
A patient receiving oxygen via nasal cannula complains of dry nares. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate?
A patient receiving oxygen via nasal cannula complains of dry nares. Which of the following nursing interventions is most appropriate?
What is a primary disadvantage of using a simple face mask for oxygen delivery?
What is a primary disadvantage of using a simple face mask for oxygen delivery?
What is the purpose of the reservoir bag on a partial rebreather mask?
What is the purpose of the reservoir bag on a partial rebreather mask?
A nurse is caring for a patient with a non-rebreather mask. Which intervention is critical to ensure proper functioning of the mask?
A nurse is caring for a patient with a non-rebreather mask. Which intervention is critical to ensure proper functioning of the mask?
A client with COPD requires precise oxygen delivery. Which of the following devices is most appropriate?
A client with COPD requires precise oxygen delivery. Which of the following devices is most appropriate?
What nursing action is essential for patients using a Venturi mask to ensure accurate oxygen delivery?
What nursing action is essential for patients using a Venturi mask to ensure accurate oxygen delivery?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a tracheal mask (trach mask) for oxygen delivery?
Which of the following is an advantage of using a tracheal mask (trach mask) for oxygen delivery?
A nurse is caring for a client with a trach mask. Which of the following actions is most important?
A nurse is caring for a client with a trach mask. Which of the following actions is most important?
A patient in acute respiratory failure is hypoxemic. What immediate intervention should the nurse anticipate?
A patient in acute respiratory failure is hypoxemic. What immediate intervention should the nurse anticipate?
What is a physiological consequence of hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure?
What is a physiological consequence of hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure?
Which condition is most likely to cause ventilatory failure leading to acute respiratory failure?
Which condition is most likely to cause ventilatory failure leading to acute respiratory failure?
What condition is an example of oxygenation failure?
What condition is an example of oxygenation failure?
What is a key characteristic of combined ventilatory and oxygenation failure?
What is a key characteristic of combined ventilatory and oxygenation failure?
What is an early clinical manifestation of acute respiratory failure?
What is an early clinical manifestation of acute respiratory failure?
Which arterial blood gas (ABG) results would indicate acute respiratory failure?
Which arterial blood gas (ABG) results would indicate acute respiratory failure?
A client in respiratory distress requires immediate intubation. Which medication is most likely administered to induce anesthesia?
A client in respiratory distress requires immediate intubation. Which medication is most likely administered to induce anesthesia?
A client with acute respiratory failure is mechanically ventilated with high PEEP. Which complication should the nurse monitor for?
A client with acute respiratory failure is mechanically ventilated with high PEEP. Which complication should the nurse monitor for?
A mechanically ventilated patient has coarse crackles over the trachea. What nursing intervention is most appropriate?
A mechanically ventilated patient has coarse crackles over the trachea. What nursing intervention is most appropriate?
What is a primary goal when administering neuromuscular blocking agents to a ventilated patient?
What is a primary goal when administering neuromuscular blocking agents to a ventilated patient?
For a patient receiving neuromuscular blocking agents, what additional medication is essential?
For a patient receiving neuromuscular blocking agents, what additional medication is essential?
What is the hallmark characteristic of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the hallmark characteristic of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the underlying cause of ARDS, distinguishing it from other respiratory failures??
What is the underlying cause of ARDS, distinguishing it from other respiratory failures??
During the exudative phase of ARDS, what physiological process contributes to the development of pulmonary edema?
During the exudative phase of ARDS, what physiological process contributes to the development of pulmonary edema?
What accurately describes the Berlin criteria for diagnosing ARDS?
What accurately describes the Berlin criteria for diagnosing ARDS?
Which hemodynamic parameter is typically observed in a client with ARDS?
Which hemodynamic parameter is typically observed in a client with ARDS?
A mechanically ventilated client with ARDS is placed in the prone position. What is the primary rationale for this intervention?
A mechanically ventilated client with ARDS is placed in the prone position. What is the primary rationale for this intervention?
What is a potential complication arising from high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in a client with ARDS?
What is a potential complication arising from high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in a client with ARDS?
A nurse assesses a client with ARDS and notes a sudden increase in the high-pressure alarm on the ventilator. What immediate action should the nurse take?
A nurse assesses a client with ARDS and notes a sudden increase in the high-pressure alarm on the ventilator. What immediate action should the nurse take?
What is the primary goal of setting a low tidal volume for a mechanically ventilated client with ARDS?
What is the primary goal of setting a low tidal volume for a mechanically ventilated client with ARDS?
What is the primary purpose of D-dimer testing in the assessment of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
What is the primary purpose of D-dimer testing in the assessment of a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
What is a contraindication to anticoagulant therapy in a client with pulmonary embolism?
What is a contraindication to anticoagulant therapy in a client with pulmonary embolism?
What is the purpose of IVC filters in clients with pulmonary embolism?
What is the purpose of IVC filters in clients with pulmonary embolism?
What would be included in the nursing interventions for the prevention of pulmonary embolism?
What would be included in the nursing interventions for the prevention of pulmonary embolism?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Ventilation
Ventilation
Movement of air from atmosphere to alveoli.
Diffusion
Diffusion
Exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Perfusion
Perfusion
Blood flow by cardiopulmonary system into alveolar capillaries.
FiO2
FiO2
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Nasal Cannula
Nasal Cannula
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Simple Face Mask
Simple Face Mask
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Partial Rebreather Mask
Partial Rebreather Mask
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Non-Rebreather Mask
Non-Rebreather Mask
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Venturi Mask
Venturi Mask
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Trach Mask
Trach Mask
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Acute Respiratory Failure
Acute Respiratory Failure
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Lab result of Acute Respiratory Failure
Lab result of Acute Respiratory Failure
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ARDS
ARDS
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Initial injury of ARDS
Initial injury of ARDS
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Exudative phase of ARDS
Exudative phase of ARDS
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Proliferative phase of ARDS
Proliferative phase of ARDS
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Fibrotic Phase of ARDS
Fibrotic Phase of ARDS
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Oxygen measure in ARDS
Oxygen measure in ARDS
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Controlled Vent Support
Controlled Vent Support
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Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics
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Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
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Risk Factors for PE
Risk Factors for PE
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Number 1 choice of diagnostic for PE
Number 1 choice of diagnostic for PE
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What to monitor when using Anticoagulants
What to monitor when using Anticoagulants
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Blunt Chest Trauma
Blunt Chest Trauma
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Penetrating Trauma
Penetrating Trauma
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Timely Assessment
Timely Assessment
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Pneumothorax Findings
Pneumothorax Findings
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Hemothorax diagnostic
Hemothorax diagnostic
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Flail Chest
Flail Chest
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Water Seal
Water Seal
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Continous Bubbling
Continous Bubbling
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CPAP
CPAP
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Intubation Time
Intubation Time
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Main Components of the Respiratory System
- Ventilation involves air moving from the atmosphere to the alveoli
- Diffusion refers to the exchange of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar capillary membrane
- Perfusion is blood flow through the cardiopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries
- FiO2 denotes the percentage of oxygen delivered or the fraction of inspired oxygen
- Supplemental oxygen causes patients to have higher FiO2 than atmospheric air
Oxygen Delivery: Nasal Cannula
- Nasal cannulas are low-flow oxygen delivery devices
- Advantages:
- Safe, simple, and inexpensive
- Comfortable and decreases the risk of claustrophobia
- Facilitates eating and drinking, and prevents CO2 rebreathing
- Delivers a FiO2 of 24-44% at flow rates of 1-6 L/min
- Humidification is needed if the flow rate is 3 L/min or higher
- Disadvantages:
- Can cause dermatitis and nasal irritation
- Easily dislodged
- Suitable for flow rates less than 4 L/min
- Not recommended for clients with nasal obstructions such as polyps and mucosal edema
- Flow settings and breathing patterns determine oxygen concentrations, so FiO2 varies
- Compared to a Venturi mask, it is less accurate
- Nursing Actions:
- Assess the patency of the nares
- Ensure proper fit of the prongs
- Application water-soluble gel prevents dry nares
Oxygen Delivery: Simple Face Mask
- A simple face mask is a low-flow oxygen delivery device
- Advantages
- Inexpensive and can be used on mouth breathers
- Delivers FiO2 of 35-60% at flow rates of 5-10 L/min
- A minimum flow rate of 5 L/min ensures CO2 flushing
- Disadvantages
- May cause claustrophobia and is not recommended for those with CO2 retention risk
- Rebreathing CO2 can occur if the flow rate is less than 5 L/min
- Monitor clients who complain of nausea/vomiting or are at risk for aspiration/airway obstruction
- Moisture and pressure under the mask can cause skin breakdown
- Nursing
- Assess proper fit, ensuring a secure seal over the nose and mouth
- Ensure clients wear nasal cannula during meals
Oxygen Delivery: Partial Rebreather Mask
- Partial rebreather masks are low-flow devices
- Advantages:
- Covers the nose and mouth
- Delivers FiO2 of 60-90% at flow rates of 10-15 L/min
- A reservoir bag with no valve allows clients to rebreathe one third of exhaled air with room air
- Disadvantages:
- CO2 buildup can occur if the reservoir bag deflates during inspiration
- The client’s breathing pattern affects the FiO2
- Not well-tolerated by clients with anxiety or claustrophobia
- Eating, drinking, and talking is impaired
- Caution is needed for clients with high risk of aspiration or airway obstruction
- Nursing
- Adjust the oxygen flow rate to keep the reservoir bag from deflating
- Assess proper fit, ensuring a secure seal over the nose and mouth
- Assess skin breakdown beneath the edges of the mask and bridge of the nose
- Ensure the client uses a nasal cannula during meals
Oxygen Delivery: Non-Rebreather Mask
- Non-rebreather masks are low flow devices
- Advantages:
- Covers the clients nose and mouth
- Delivers a FiO2 of 80-95% at flow rates of 10-15 L/min, keeping the reservoir ⅔ full during inspiration and expiration
- Delivers the highest O2 concentration without intubation
- A one-way valve is situated between the mask and the reservoir for maximum O2 inhalation, while exhalation ports with flaps prevent room air from entering
- Disadvantages:
- The valve and flap on the mask must be intact and functional during each breath
- Can be poorly tolerated by clients due to anxiety or claustrophobia
- Eating, drinking, and talking is impaired
- Administer cautiously in clients with high risk of aspiration or airway obstruction
- Nursing
- Perform hourly assessments of the valve and flap to ensure patency and proper function
- Ensure a secure seal over the nose and mouth
- Assess for skin breakdown over the nose and face
- Supplemental nasal cannula is needed during meals
Oxygen Delivery: Venturi Mask
- Venturi masks are high-flow devices
- Advantages:
- Delivers a precise amount of O2
- FiO2 ranges from 24-60% at flow rates of 10-15 L/min; adapters allow specific amounts of air to mix with oxygen
- Venturi barrels exchanged to deliver various concentrations
- Reduces rebreathing of exhaled air
- It functions independently of client breathing factors and flow of oxygen
- The oxygen concentration remains consistent even with changes in the flow rate
- Delivers the most precise oxygen concentrations without intubation
- Humidification is not required
- Best for clients with chronic lung disease
- Disadvantages:
- Can be expensive and noisy
- May induce claustrophobia
- Interferes with eating and drinking
- Nursing
- Frequently assess the flow rate for accuracy
- Ensure tubing isn't kinked
- Routinely assess for skin breakdown, particularly around the nares
- Supplemental nasal cannula is needed during meals
Oxygen Delivery: Aerosol Mask, Face Tent, Trach
- Aerosol masks, face tents, and trach masks are high-flow devices
- Face Tents
- Fit loosely around the face and neck
- Trach Masks
- Small mask covering a surgically created opening in the trachea
- Additional features
- FiO2 24-100% at flow rates of at least 10 L/min
- Offers high humidification along with oxygen delivery
- Advantages:
- Useful for clients who don't tolerate masks well
- Good for those with facial trauma, burns, or thick secretions
- Disadvantages:
- Frequent monitoring is needed due to high humidification levels
- Nursing
- Empty condensation from the tubing frequently
- Ensure water is present in the humidification canister
- Make sure aerosol mist exits from the vent port
- Prevent the tubing from pulling of the trach
Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)
- ARF is a sudden, life-threatening decline in gas exchange
- Hypoxemia management: Administer O2
- Hypercapnia considerations:
- Address breathing issues and observe systemic/pulmonary blood vessel responses
- Systemic blood vessels dilate, and pulmonary blood vessels constrict
Common Causes of ARF
- Ventilatory Failure: conditions such as COPD, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, flail chest, ARDS, neuro disorders( MS, GBS, spinal injuries, CVA, elevated ICP
- Oxygenation Failure: stems from pneumonia, hypoventilation, hypovolemic shock, pulmonary edema/embolism, low hemoglobin, low oxygen concentrations
- Combination Failure: results from a combination of ventilation and oxygenation issues
- Decreased Respiratory Drive: from TBI, CNS depressants, or metabolic disorders
- Chest Wall Dysfunction: due to trauma or neuromuscular/musculoskeletal disorders
- Dysfunction of Lung Parenchyma: from pleural effusion, hemo/pneumothorax, atelectasis, PNA, PE, COPD, ARDS
- Miscellaneous Causes: such as post-op hypoventilation from medications or pain
Impact of Diseased Lungs on ARF
- Diseased lungs trigger both ventilation and oxygenation issues
- Conditions including asthma, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis, affecting oxygenation and increasing the work of breathing
- Respiratory muscle fatigue leads to ventilatory failure
- Combined failure causes more profound hypoxemia
- ARF criteria based on ABG values
Clinical Manifestations and Nursing Care for ARF
- Early Signs: restlessness and fatigue, dyspnea, air hunger, mild tachycardia/tachypnea, increased BP
- Late Signs: confusion, lethargy, cyanosis, diaphoresis, respiratory arrest,
- Central signs often indicate cardiac/pulmonary problems
- Peripheral signs suggest circulation issues
- Implement a plan that includes assessments, lab testing, and diagnostics
- Assessments: physical, vital signs, monitoring SpO2, ABG interpretation
- Lab testing -ABGs to confirm and monitor -PaO2 less than 60 and Ox sats less than 90 on RA -PaCO2 greater than 50 and pH less than 7.35 (hypoxemia, hypercapnia)
- Diagnostics -Chest x ray --pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly -CT scan -Ecg to rule out cardiac involvement
- Maintain a patent airway and respiratory status hourly
- Track ECG alterations linked to hypoxemia
- Often requires mechanical ventilation with PEEP or CPAP; monitor for pneumothorax caused by high PEEP
- Administer oxygenation before suctioning; suction PRN
- Provide support required for intubation
- Communicate with the client and family
Medications - ARF
- Benzodiazepines
- reduce anxiety, resistance to ventilation, and oxygen consumption
- Nursing: Monitor respirations, blood pressure, SpO2, opioid conjunction
- Propofol
- induces anesthesia and sedation
- Nursing: --CI if hyperlipidemia or egg allergy --Slow drip to assess neuro status --Monitor for hypotension --Titrate to desired sedation, no analgesia
- Corticosteroids
- reduce WBC migration and inflammation
- Nursing: --decrease med gradually, administer antiulcer to prevent peptic ulcer --monitor weight/BP, glucose/electrolytes, take with food and don't stop suddenly
- reduce WBC migration and inflammation
- Neuromuscular blocking agents
- promotes ventilation and reduce oxygen consumption
- used with painful vents
- Nursing: --administer only to clients who are intubated and vented, --monitor ecg/bp/muscle strength
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
- ARDS is a sudden and progressive pulmonary edema (non-cardiac)
- Increasing bilateral infiltrates on CXR
- Refractory hypoxemia
- Reduced lung compliance
- High mortality rates, which leads to multisystem organ failure
- ARDS is caused by tissue injury
- Direct: injury to the lung parenchyma
- Indirect:systematic injury that causes an inflammatory response, pancreatitis, sepsis, DIC, aspiration, pulmonary emboli, pna/pulmonary infections, CNS damage, smoke inhalation, drug ingestion, COVID
Initial Injury and Phases of ARDS
- Direct and indirect injuries trigger inflammatory-immune responses, leading to activation of neutrophils, macrophages, and platelets
- Chemical mediators damage the alveolo-capillary membrane
- Exudative Phase
- Chemical mediators increase pulmonary capillary permeability, microthrombi, and pulmonary arterial pressure
- Fluid (protein, blood cells, fibrin, mediators) leak into the pulmonary interstitium which leads to decreased diffusion
- Fluid is forced from interstitial space into alveoli
- Alveolar edema and damage to type 1 alveolar cells decrease surfactant production
- Collapse of alveoli
- Decreased lung compliance and refractory Hypoxemia
Additional Phases and Diagnosis of ARDS
- Proliferative Phase
- Decreased surfactant and lung compliance causes pulmonary shunting/hypoxemia, increasing airway resistance and work of breathing.
- Hypoventilation, increased alveolar dead space, worsening hypoxemia, pulmonary HTN, increased right ventricular afterload as well as RHF with decreased CO result
- Fibrotic Phase
- Cellular granulation and collagen deposition within alveolo-capillary membrane pulmonary fibrosis which leads to structural and vascular remodeling
- Increase in Pulmonary HTN
- Worsening hypoxemia resulting in MODS
- Diagnostic:
- Based on berlin criteria: occurs within seven days; imaging shows indication of lung infiltrates, abnormal oxygenation
- Mild 200-300 PaO2, Moderate 100-199PaO2, Severe less than 100 PaO2
Management and Nursing Care of ARDS
- Patients appear normal with initially clear breath sounds
- Progress with dyspnea, pulmonary edema, reduced lungs, dense patchy bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, cyanosis, pallor
- Exudative Phase: with an increase in WOB & RR
- Fibrotic: leads to respiratory failure, right-sided heart failure, coarse crackles, hypoxemia, shunting
- Controlled Ventilation Support: lowest possible to allow low tidal volumes
- Nursing Care: High PEEP, monitor o2 stats, fluid and diuretics
Pulmonary Embolism
- Definition: Obstruction of pulmonary artery or it’s branches
- Often linked to states that are often associated with trauma, Ortho surgeries, hyper-coagulating states
- Risk Factors: Immobility, oral contraceptives, pregnancy, trauma
- What to look for: sudden chest pains that increase with breath, coughing blood when coughing
- Nursing: Assess for Tachypnea, low 02, coughing blood, increased HR
- Treatment: High Fowlers, Oxygen and anxiety -Use CTPA scans and pulmonary angiogram to visualize
- Anticoagulants: Heparin, Lovenox What to watch out for: Spontaneous bleeding
Chest Trauma Types
- Blunt Chest Trauma: MVC, crushing injury, bike accident
- Penetrating Trauma: Gunshot, stab wound
- Complications:
- Tension Pneumothorax: Lung collapses -Nursing: High flow, Oxygen, semi-fowler's Benzo
- Hemothorax: Thoracic cavity contains blood, which causes little to no pain
- Flail Chest: Rib fractures from blunt trauma, which can also cause unequal chest expansion, paradoxical movement, anxiety
Treatment with Inadequate Ventilation
- Chest Tube: Used to alleviate Air, create a seal and allow fluid out and prevent air from entering the lungs -Can have a wet or dry system and Bubbles can indicate a leak in airway What to watch out for over 70mL of discharge
- Ventilation: CPAP and BIPAP deliver air but both do the same thing
Insertion, Complications and Management of ET Tubes
- Nursing: You will administer sedatives and neuromuscular blockers to relieve the patient
- Nursing Role In Inbation: You can administer neuromuscular blockers per doctors request
- Complications: Can cause infections or aspiration if suction is not performed correctly -Infection: Prevent infection by using proper hygiene, suctioning, oral care -Swallowing Suppressed: Require oral suctions
- Check lung positioning while moving
Medical Ventilation
-
Positive Pressure: Is used to Keep Lungs Open and prevents alveoli from collapsing
-
AC: Person is not breathing, ventilator forces air in, increasing RR
-
SIMV: Same as AC, allows for spontaneous breaths
-
Contraindications: ARF, COPD, Pulmonary disorders, Neuro disorders
-
Management: Oxygenation, Ventilation, ABG Complications: Mucus, PNA
Ventilator Associated PNA
- Hospital environment from mechanical Ventilation
- Occurs within 48 hours of treatments Management: Mouth Care, HOV 30 Degrees
Tracheostomy Placement
- Rationale: To Bypass the upper airway from Long term ventilation that can cause Oral GI or gastric aspiration The ventilator will supply the lung with more CM 5 to 15
Shock
- Is a Deadly state when the body does not meet basic needs, such are oxygen intake -Can cause tissue damage and even tissue death
Stages Overview:
- Initial stage: Basic functions don’t work
- Compensated or PreShock: The body restores tissue profusion and oxygenation Nursing action: Make sure clients are above 92% oxygenation
Types of Shock
- Cardiogenic Shock → Caused by the heart
- Pump Failure → MI and CHF.
- Obstructive → Caused Lung problems from the lungs that cannot be returned.
- Hypovolemic Shock → Low Fluid volume
- Distributive → Infection or allergic reaction
- Hypothermia → Low body temperature Nursing → Provide family and information
Anaphylactic Schock
- Nursing Provide O2 ,Vent beta2 Agonist
- T6 or higher
- High heart due to Sympathetic nervous system and low due to nervous system
Burns
- Damage from the body by skin by fire, radiation or chemical exposure
- Superficial: Damage to the skin that heals itself and can cause minor pain -Partial thickness Burn: damage to the skin that forms partial thickness where the patient is in pain and needs Grafting
Types of Burns
- Dry: burns from fire that can cause explosion
- Moist Burns: Scalded skin, which is common amongst the young and old
- Contact Burn: Grease exposure or hard surface exposure Chemical exposure: A burn from Cleaners Electrical Burn: damage to the body electrical wire exposure and damage of body functions by the body Burn Management: High Fowler, Give O2 from mouth injuries caused by Smoke exposure
Immediate Actions
- Stop Fire or any burns
- Remove any clothes that may be containing and burning the skin
- Wound care, cleaning, bandaging
Extent of Burn Injury
- Burn is determined by amount of Tissue and surface that has been burned over 60%
- The Cardiovascular from Burn Shock: Where Body will not be stable with fluid and Sodium protein
Common Causes of Burn
-Systematic can cause Compartment pressure because scarred Skin is unable to stretch Pulmonary: Upper Airways causing fluid in Airway passages
Blood Carboxyhemoglobin Less than 15%-HA, dizzy, occasional confusion 20-40-Disorientation, visual impairment 40-60-Agitation, combativeness, hallucinations, coma, shock 60 Death
Wound Care with Burns
- Debridement: where dead tissue is removed and grafting happens if the wounds cannot restore and causes the body hyperthermia a year after surgery
- What to watch out for over 1500 volume of IV and is Aba Formula over first 24 hours to correct Burns The best type volume or rate to make the patient's body stable depends on how much electrical and skin damage
- Shock Phases: - General Dehydration
- Massive cellular trauma and excess k+ release from burn
Shock Phases from Burns
- Hypovolemic shock
- Potassium increase by shock
- TBSA volume percentage should be at 4 ml
Disorders linked Skin that cause potentially deadly reactions like burns SJS: Prevented by balancing fluids and electrolytes after a deadly reaction caused by meds or food
Topical Epidermal Necrolysis and SJS = infections by high level meds
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