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Questions and Answers
What structure lies between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?
What structure lies between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?
Which description correctly characterizes the right primary bronchus?
Which description correctly characterizes the right primary bronchus?
What type of cells reach the luminal surface of the tracheal epithelium?
What type of cells reach the luminal surface of the tracheal epithelium?
What feature distinguishes the base of the lung?
What feature distinguishes the base of the lung?
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Which of the following best describes the lobes of the lungs?
Which of the following best describes the lobes of the lungs?
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Which of the following structures is part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Which of the following structures is part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
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Which cartilage structure forms part of the wall of the nostrils?
Which cartilage structure forms part of the wall of the nostrils?
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Which of the following is not a paranasal sinus?
Which of the following is not a paranasal sinus?
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What is the role of the arytenoid cartilages in the respiratory system?
What is the role of the arytenoid cartilages in the respiratory system?
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What effect does surfactant have on lung compliance?
What effect does surfactant have on lung compliance?
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Which factor is NOT related to lung compliance?
Which factor is NOT related to lung compliance?
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How does a disease that destroys lung tissue affect compliance?
How does a disease that destroys lung tissue affect compliance?
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What determines the resistance to airflow in the airways?
What determines the resistance to airflow in the airways?
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What role does surfactant play in preventing alveolar collapse?
What role does surfactant play in preventing alveolar collapse?
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What is the function of the secondary (lobar) bronchi?
What is the function of the secondary (lobar) bronchi?
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What happens during the process of inspiration?
What happens during the process of inspiration?
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Which components make up the alveolar-capillary membrane?
Which components make up the alveolar-capillary membrane?
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What is the primary distinction between external respiration and internal respiration?
What is the primary distinction between external respiration and internal respiration?
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How does air flow during pulmonary ventilation?
How does air flow during pulmonary ventilation?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system exchanges gases between the atmosphere and blood.
- The system is divided into two parts
- Upper respiratory system
- Nose
- Throat (Pharynx)
- Associated structures
- Lower respiratory system
- The remainder of the system
- Conducting portion
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory portion
- Tissues where gas exchange occurs
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
- Tissues where gas exchange occurs
- Conducting portion
- The remainder of the system
- Upper respiratory system
- The bony framework of the respiratory system includes
- Frontal bone
- Nasal bones
- Maxillae
Nose
- The external nose is made up of two nasal bones.
- The internal nose has a large cavity in the skull.
- It merges with the external nose anteriorly.
- Posteriorly, it is connected to the pharynx through internal nares (choanae).
- Four paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, and ethmoidal) and the nasolacrimal ducts also open into the internal nose.
- Cartilaginous framework includes lateral nasal cartilages, septal cartilage, and alar cartilages.
Laryngeal Cartilages
- Paired laryngeal cartilages include arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages.
- The arytenoid cartilages are pyramidal, located at the superior border of the cricoid cartilage.
- They attach to vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles, affecting vocal cord movement.
- Other cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform) are cone-shaped and rod-shaped, respectively, and contribute to the structure.
Trachea
- A tubular structure about 12 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter.
- Located anterior to the esophagus.
- Divides into right and left primary bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebra.
- The tracheal epithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
- Consists of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells.
- Seromucous glands and their ducts are present in the submucosa.
Bronchi
- Bifurcate into right and left primary bronchi at the sternal angle.
- The right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left.
- The left primary bronchus gives rise to superior and inferior secondary (lobar) bronchi.
- The primary bronchi contain incomplete rings of cartilage and are lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.
Lungs
- Paired, cone-shaped organs, separated by the heart
- Extend from the diaphragm to a point about 1.5–2.5 cm superior to the clavicles, situated against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.
Lung Compliance
- This is the ease with which lungs and the thoracic wall expand.
- High compliance means easy expansion.
- Factors affecting compliance include elasticity and surface tension.
- Surfactant reduces surface tension and increases lung compliance.
Pulmonary Surfactant
- Alveolar fluid coats the inner surface of alveoli.
- Surfactant is phospholipid that reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid.
- Maintaining low surface tension in alveoli prevents collapse and facilitates lung expansion.
Airway Resistance
- Airflow resistance is dependent on airway wall resistance and the pressure gradient.
- The volume of airflow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and is inversely proportional to the resistance.
- Airway diameter influences resistance.
- Reduced airway diameter increases resistance.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Lung volumes are the amounts of air moved into or out of the lung during specific respiratory events.
- Lung capacities are the combination of two or more lung volumes.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- The process of breathing involves air flowing between the atmosphere and the lungs due to pressure gradients.
- Inspiration involves expanding the thoracic cavity and decreasing the intrapulmonic pressure.
- Expiration involves decreasing the thoracic cavity volume and increasing intrapulmonic pressure.
Fate of Oxygen in the Blood
- Oxygen delivery depends on factors including pulmonary gas exchange, blood flow to tissues, and the blood's capacity to carry oxygen.
- Blood flow depends on vascular bed constriction/dilation and cardiac output.
Fate of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma as dissolved gas, carbamino compounds, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
- A portion of carbon dioxide is transported in red blood cells as carbamino compounds.
- The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions and is hydrated to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the respiratory system, including its structure and function. It explores both the upper and lower respiratory systems and the anatomy associated with gas exchange. Test your knowledge on the components and significance of the respiratory system.
