Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a common effect of smoking on respiratory function?

  • Improves blood O2 levels
  • Increases ciliary action
  • Enhances lung expansion
  • Decreases macrophage activity (correct)

    • Which condition is primarily characterized by narrowed airways?

  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Asthma (correct)
  • Restrictive lung disease

    • How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?

  • It binds to hemoglobin (correct)
  • It enhances oxygen transport
  • It increases lung capacity
  • It decreases blood viscosity

    • What distinguishes obstructive lung diseases from restrictive lung diseases?

    <p>Obstructive diseases involve narrowing of airways (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with excessive mucus production and facilitated by smoking?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>To serve as the main site of gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of mucus in the respiratory system?

    <p>Goblet cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the respiratory membrane is primarily involved in gas exchange?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bronchi supply air to the lobes of the lungs?

    <p>Secondary bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the trachea and bronchi helps maintain airway patency?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the larger bronchioles?

    <p>Ciliated simple columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures does NOT play a role in the mechanical aspects of phonation?

    <p>Alveolar sacs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory system?

    <p>To trap and remove dust and debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>To reduce surface tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects the compliance of lungs?

    <p>Elasticity of lung tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breathing pattern refers to a state of stopped breathing?

    <p>Apnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Bohr effect related to in terms of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

    <p>Decreased pH decreases binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of exhalation?

    <p>Muscle relaxation leads to passive expiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata?

    <p>Maintains basic rhythm of quiet breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors decreases the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>Elevated carbon dioxide levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily involved in the regulation of breathing during exercise?

    <p>Informational feedback from proprioceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon monoxide poisoning interfere with oxygen transport?

    <p>It binds to hemoglobin at a greater rate than oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lung compliance as individuals age?

    <p>It decreases due to increased stiffness of tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the chloride shift during gas exchange?

    <p>A balance of bicarbonate and chloride ions in RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation primarily occurs due to which of the following actions?

    <p>Flattening of the diaphragm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high altitude have on breathing?

    <p>It decreases external atmospheric pressure, making breathing harder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    COPD

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a lung disorder causing breathing difficulties.

    Emphysema

    A condition that causes the air sacs in the lungs to lose elasticity, reducing surface area for gas exchange.

    Chronic Bronchitis

    A long-term inflammation of the airways, often causing cough and mucus production.

    Asthma

    A condition characterized by narrowed airways and difficulty breathing, often triggered by allergens.

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    Tuberculosis

    A contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, characterized by granulomas.

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    Respiration

    The process of exchanging gases, including oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

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    External Gas Exchange

    The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

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    Bronchial Tree

    The branching system of air passages that lead from the trachea to the alveoli.

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    Alveoli

    Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Type I Cells

    Cells in the alveoli that facilitate gas exchange.

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    Respiratory Membrane

    The thin barrier where alveoli meet capillaries for gas exchange.

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    Mucous Membrane

    A lining that traps dust and debris in the respiratory tract.

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    Conducting Zone

    The part of the respiratory system that includes airways leading to the lungs.

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    Pulmonary Ventilation

    The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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    Boyle's Law

    Pressure changes when the volume of a gas changes in a sealed container.

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    Inhalation

    The process of taking air into the lungs, involving chest cavity expansion.

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    Exhalation

    The process of expelling air from the lungs, typically passive and no muscle action.

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    Surfactant

    A substance produced to reduce surface tension in alveoli and prevent collapse.

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    Eupnea

    Normal, unlabored breathing.

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    Dalton's Law

    In a gas mixture, each gas exerts its own partial pressure.

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    Hemoglobin

    A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues.

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    Bohr effect

    The phenomenon where lower pH decreases hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity.

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    Haldane effect

    The less binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin when oxygen is bound.

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    Respiratory center

    A brain structure that regulates the rhythm of breathing.

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    Peripheral Chemoreceptors

    Sensors that detect changes in blood gases and regulate breathing accordingly.

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    Hypoxic Hypoxia

    Condition of low oxygen levels in the blood, often at high altitude.

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    Aging Effects on Respiration

    Decrease in elasticity and vital capacity of respiratory tissues with age.

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    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    System by which CO2 is carried in the blood in various forms.

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    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The respiratory system exchanges gases (O2 and CO2), maintains pH balance, and removes heat and water. It includes both conducting and respiratory zones.

    Conducting Zone (Upper Respiratory Tract)

    • The conducting zone filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air, trapping dust and debris with cilia. Goblet cells produce mucus which helps trap and remove particles.
    • The larynx contains vocal cords which vibrate with airflow to produce sound. True vocal cords are lower, active in speech, and need muscle to move. False vocal cords are superior and assist in other sounds and protect the true cords. Sound is produced by air passing across vocal cords (vocal cords).
    • Trachea and bronchi contain cartilage to maintain open airways, while smaller bronchioles have more smooth muscle. Epithelial lining changes along the pathway (pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple cuboidal).
    • Lobules contain lymphatic vessels, arterioles, venules, and branches of terminal bronchioles.

    Respiratory Zone

    • Alveoli (tiny air sacs) are the main site of gas exchange. Their cup-shape increases surface area. Surrounding capillaries provide a vast network for oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer. Type I cells facilitate gas exchange, and Type II cells secrete alveolar fluid, keeping the surface moist. Alveolar macrophages remove debris.
    • The respiratory membrane is where alveoli and capillaries meet for gas exchange. It has a very thin structure, increasing total surface area considerably.

    Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

    • Boyle's Law: Pressure changes in a container relate inversely to volume changes. Lungs expand to draw air in when pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
    • Inhalation/Inspiration: External intercostal muscles contract, ribs rise, and the diaphragm flattens; increasing chest volume and decreasing pressure. Parietal pleura helps pull lungs open.
    • Exhalation/Expiration: A passive process. Muscles relax, elastic recoil and surface tension of alveoli reduce the chest cavity volume, increasing pressure and forcing air out. Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.
    • Factors affecting breathing: Surface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance are critical. Surfactant reduces surface tension, compliance depends on elasticity and stiffness, and airway resistance depends on airway diameter.

    Gas Exchange

    • Dalton's Law: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own partial pressure (P).
    • Henry's Law: Higher partial pressure results in greater gas dissolving.
    • External respiration: Gas diffusion from alveoli to blood (high Po2 to low Po2).
    • Internal respiration: Gas diffusion from blood to tissues (high Po2 to low Po2).

    Oxygen Transport

    • Hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells binds most oxygen. Each Hb molecule holds four oxygen molecules. Acidity (Bohr effect), partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature and BPG all affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • CO2 is transported in three ways: Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), and as bicarbonate ions. The chloride shift maintains ion balance. The Haldane effect shows that more oxygen binding reduces CO2 binding.

    Control of Breathing

    • Respiratory centers in the brain (medulla oblongata and pons) control the basic rhythm of breathing. Medulla controls basic rhythm, pons modifies it.
    • Voluntary control (cerebral cortex) modulates breathing. Chemical changes (CO2, H+) and emotions (hypothalamus) also affect breathing.
    • Chemoreceptors (central and peripheral) respond to pH, PO2 and PCO2. Proprioceptors in muscles and joints also monitor movement before other changes.

    Factors Affecting Breathing and Respiratory Issues

    • Hypoxia is insufficient oxygen in tissues, due to low PO2, low Hb, insufficient blood flow or tissue inability to utilize oxygen.
    • Exercise increases respiratory rate and heart rate.
    • Age-related changes affect respiratory function, and lead to decreased lung elasticity and vital capacity.
    • Smoking and respiratory disorders (Asthma, COPD, restrictive and obstructive lung diseases, lung cancer, tuberculosis) lead to impaired lung function and changes and can lead to infections from bacteria or viruses.

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    Description

    Explore the key functions and components of the respiratory system. This quiz covers the conducting and respiratory zones, including the filtration and production of sound. Assess your understanding of how gas exchange is facilitated and the structure of the upper respiratory tract.

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