Respiratory System Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

  • To facilitate the exchange of O2 and CO2 (correct)
  • To humidify the inspired air
  • To filter particulate material from inspired air
  • To provide structural support to bronchial tubes

    • Which component is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

  • Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts (correct)
  • Trachea
  • Nasal cavities

    • Which structure helps move air through the lungs during ventilation?

  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Diaphragm (correct)

    • What are the two anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

    <p>Upper and lower respiratory tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue lines the nasal cavities?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the conducting portion of the respiratory system play?

    <p>Cleans and humidifies inspired air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures provide rigid support and flexibility to the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Elastic fibers and smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium covers the upper surface of the epiglottis?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a key role in preventing swallowed food from entering the airway?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage reinforces the wall of the larynx?

    <p>Hyaline and elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the vocal folds during phonation?

    <p>Vibrate to produce sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a component that contributes to the resonance of sounds produced in the larynx?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is found supporting the vocal folds?

    <p>Fibroelastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily caused by rapid air movement through the vocal cords?

    <p>Vocal fold vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glands are found beneath the epithelium of the vocal folds?

    <p>Mucous and serous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is common between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds?

    <p>Both contain seromucous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the male larynx differ from the female larynx after puberty?

    <p>Males have a deeper voice range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reflex action associated with irritation of the trachea?

    <p>Coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vocal folds during laryngitis?

    <p>They swell, affecting sound quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the olfactory glands (of Bowman) in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To facilitate the access of new odoriferous substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of head trauma to the ethmoid bone?

    <p>Anosmia due to severed olfactory nerve axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT found in the nasopharynx?

    <p>Palatine tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most abundant in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Ciliated columnar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the respiratory epithelium from the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Function in chemoreception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ciliary movements in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To propel mucus toward the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure communicates with the nasal cavities through small openings?

    <p>Paranasal sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an inflammatory process of the sinuses?

    <p>Sinusitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells account for approximately 30% of the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Stem and differentiating cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

    <p>Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of brush cells in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Short, blunt microvilli on apical surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic sinusitis have in the context of primary ciliary dyskinesia?

    <p>It can lead to reduced ciliary action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are singer’s nodules?

    <p>Benign reactive polyps affecting the voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure helps maintain the tracheal lumen open?

    <p>C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the trachealis muscle?

    <p>To narrow the tracheal lumen during coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the tertiary bronchi give rise to?

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory portion of the bronchi change as they become smaller?

    <p>Becomes more simplified in histological organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the larger bronchi?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the crisscrossing bundles of smooth muscle in the bronchi?

    <p>To regulate air flow by changing bronchi diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the terminal branches of the bronchi?

    <p>They branch to form five to seven terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of the bronchial tree related to lung surgery?

    <p>Each bronchopulmonary segment has its own blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do seromucous glands in the trachea primarily serve?

    <p>Produces watery mucus that traps pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common respiratory diseases are associated with inhaled pathogens?

    <p>Bronchitis and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is unique to the trachea compared to other bronchial structures?

    <p>Complete circular cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the open ends of the tracheal cartilage rings positioned?

    <p>Pointing posteriorly, against the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological organization change occurs as bronchi become smaller?

    <p>Decreased presence of cartilaginous structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the mucosa in the nasal cavities?

    <p>Conditioning inhaled air through warmth and humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium covers the upper portion of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the respiratory epithelium are responsible for mucus production?

    <p>Goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the chronic effects of smoking on the nasal epithelium is true?

    <p>It leads to squamous metaplasia of the epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often are olfactory neurons replaced in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Every 2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Maintaining a conducive microenvironment for olfactory neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures help to warm and humidify inhaled air within the nasal cavities?

    <p>Conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of immobilized cilia in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Failure to effectively clear mucus and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do small granule cells play in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the axons from olfactory neurons pass after leaving the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To the olfactory bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types have a limited regenerative capability in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Supporting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lamina propria in the nasal cavity mucosa is important for which function?

    <p>Support for mucosal immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is present in the larger bronchioles?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily found in the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Club cells and simple squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces endocytosis in type II cells during coronavirus infection?

    <p>Binding of spike proteins to ACE2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reduced surfactant production in infected cells?

    <p>Alveolar collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological condition can result from blockage in the bronchi due to excess mucus?

    <p>Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major feature distinguishes alveolar ducts from respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Lining of alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes active alveolar macrophages from type II pneumocytes?

    <p>Higher levels of iron in the form of hemosiderin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the lamina propria in alveolar ducts?

    <p>A strand of smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process removes alveolar lining fluids from the lungs?

    <p>Ciliary activity in the conducting passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells help reduce surface tension in the bronchioles?

    <p>Exocrine club cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most filled macrophages in the lungs?

    <p>They migrate into bronchioles for removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the capillaries predominantly located in relation to the alveoli?

    <p>Encircling each alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are contained in bronchoalveolar fluid that contribute to its bacteriostatic properties?

    <p>Lysozyme and protective agents from various cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can persistent blockage in the bronchi lead to, aside from atelectasis?

    <p>Fibrosis and loss of respiratory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological change occurs due to infection in the lungs?

    <p>Fluid accumulation in alveoli and bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells give rise to all cells within the bronchiolar epithelium?

    <p>Stem cells in cuboidal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In congestive heart failure, which specific cells are identified in the lung and sputum due to the presence of hemosiderin?

    <p>Heart failure cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of very small bronchioles?

    <p>Cuboidal epithelium without cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fibroblasts seen in the interalveolar septum?

    <p>Maintaining structure and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells produce the pulmonary surfactant that lines the alveoli?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of club cells in the bronchioles?

    <p>Detoxification of harmful compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in the alveolar structure as one proceeds distally along the respiratory bronchioles?

    <p>Alveoli become more numerous and closer together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is featured in terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Nonciliated cuboidal or low columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elastic fibers in the bronchiole walls?

    <p>Facilitation of lung expansion and contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the smooth muscle in bronchioles?

    <p>To facilitate bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells predominantly line the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Simple cuboidal cells with club cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of bronchiolitis in young children?

    <p>Development of obliterative bronchiolitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions are performed by club cells in the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Produce surfactant and detoxify inhalants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does NOT have cartilage present?

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epithelial lining height as the bronchial tree branches further?

    <p>It decreases in height and complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which locations does gas exchange primarily take place?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'mucociliary apparatus'?

    <p>Ciliated epithelial cells aiding in clearing debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of viral infection is often associated with bronchiolitis in children?

    <p>Measles virus or adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the muscle layer in bronchi compare to that of bronchioles?

    <p>The muscle layer in bronchioles is proportionately greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for producing surfactant?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does the autonomic nervous system have on bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Regulates muscle contraction in the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of asthma on the bronchial tree?

    <p>Causes chronic inflammation and bronchospasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are present in bronchi but not in bronchioles?

    <p>Mucosal glands and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do elastic and reticular fibers play in the alveoli?

    <p>They provide structural support and elasticity to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily separates alveolar air from capillary blood?

    <p>The respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxygen get from the alveoli into the blood?

    <p>By diffusion across the respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of alveolar structure is crucial for equalizing air pressure in adjacent alveoli?

    <p>Alveolar pores of Kohn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the alveoli, contributing to the respiratory membrane?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to most carbon dioxide as it travels in the bloodstream to the lungs?

    <p>It forms carbonic acid inside erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of alveolar walls enhance gas exchange?

    <p>By reducing the distance for diffusion across the respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages located within the interalveolar septa?

    <p>Engulfing pathogens and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures directly branches from terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the capillary networks surrounding alveoli?

    <p>They facilitate gas exchange by maximizing surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter range of alveolar pores?

    <p>10-15 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which aspect do respiratory bronchioles differ from terminal bronchioles?

    <p>They have scattered alveoli along their length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the arrangement of anatomical structures in the alveoli contribute to lung function?

    <p>They enable large surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type I alveolar cells?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the majority of the alveolar lining?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lamellar bodies in type II alveolar cells?

    <p>Storing lipids and proteins for surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do type II alveolar cells contribute to lung function?

    <p>Lowering surface tension in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of junctions do type I alveolar cells have to prevent leakage of fluids?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to surfactant during fetal development?

    <p>It appears in the last weeks of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is critical for the proper orientation of DPPC in the surfactant film?

    <p>Surfactant protein B (SP-B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major problem occurs in premature neonates related to surfactant?

    <p>Inadequate surfactant production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily line the alveolar surfaces?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surfactant proteins are important for innate immune protection?

    <p>SP-A and SP-D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surfactant layer affect alveoli functionality?

    <p>Prevents alveoli from collapsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of pinocytotic vesicles in type I alveolar cells?

    <p>Turnover of surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of surfactant on lung mechanics?

    <p>Decreases the work of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about type II alveolar cells?

    <p>They produce lamellar bodies for surfactant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange (O2 and CO2) between blood and the environment.
    • It comprises the lungs and bronchial tubes connecting exchange sites to the outside.
    • Ventilation moves air through the lungs, using the thoracic cage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and lung tissue elasticity.

    Anatomical Divisions

    • The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower tracts. (Image shown as Figure 17-1)
    • The conducting portion prepares inhaled air (cleans, humidifies), transporting it to alveoli.
    • The respiratory portion carries out gas exchange, involving respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

    Alveoli

    • Alveoli are tiny air sacs responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the blood.
    • They are the major component of lung structure.

    Nasal Cavities

    • The nasal cavities are divided into a vestibule and internal cavity.
    • Coarse hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands in the vestibule filter inhaled air.
    • The internal structure features bony projections called conchae, with moist mucous membranes lining the surfaces.
    • The vasculature warms and humidifies incoming air while trapping foreign particles.
    • Secretions trap and remove inhaled particles and microorganisms (immunoglobulin A [IgA] is a critical component).
    • Part of one type of nasal epithelium (olfactory epithelium) is specialized for smell.

    Respiratory Epithelium

    • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines most of the conducting portion.
    • It has several cell types: cilia (sweep mucus), goblet cells (secrete mucus), brush cells (chemosensors), and small granule cells (part of a system for neuroendocrine control).
    • Basal cells are stem cells, replacing damaged cells.
    • Toxins (like in smoking) can negatively impact the epithelium, leading to cilia immobilization and a chance of cancerous changes.

    Olfactory Epithelium

    • Located in the superior conchae.
    • Contains olfactory receptor neurons detecting odors.
    • Olfactory cilia amplify sensory area of olfactory cells and are crucial for odor detection.
    • Supporting cells maintain olfactory environment.
    • Basal cells are progenitor cells, replacing olfactory cells.

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Air-filled cavities in skull bones (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid).
    • They have a thinner respiratory epithelium than nasal cavities, with fewer goblet cells.

    Pharynx

    • It's a passageway from nasal cavities to larynx and esophagus.
    • Different sections of the pharynx have differing types of linings suited to their functions.

    Larynx

    • Connects pharynx with trachea, serving as airflow passage; vital for speech.
    • The larynx's walls include hyaline and elastic cartilages, providing structure and flexibility during phonation.
    • Vocal folds and vestibular folds enable vocalization.
    • The epiglottis's primary function is food and fluid blockage from entrance into respiratory passages.

    Trachea

    • The trachea is about 10-12 cm long.
    • Its walls are supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
    • Smooth trachealis muscle relaxes during swallowing to prevent obstruction of both esophagus and trachea.

    Bronchial Tree & Lungs

    • Trachea divides into primary bronchi entering the lungs at the hilum.
    • They further branch into smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and finally terminal bronchioles in the pulmonary lobules.
    • Histological features simplify as airways narrow.
    • Bronchioles lack cartilage, contain more smooth muscle contributing to bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, and are lined with club cells.

    Respiratory Bronchioles

    • Respiratory bronchioles are the first part of the respiratory portion, having alveolar openings.
    • The lining includes club cells, simple squamous cells, and smooth muscle.

    Alveolar Ducts and Alveolar Sacs

    • Alveolar ducts connect respiratory bronchioles with alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli).
    • Alveolar walls are extremely thin, enabling efficient gas exchange.
    • The walls contain elastic fibers enabling expansion during inhalation and passive recoil in exhalation.
    • Pulmonary capillaries are concentrated around alveoli.

    Alveoli

    • Alveoli are the primary sites of gas exchange in lungs.
    • An adult human has approximately 200 million alveoli.
    • Alveoli have extremely thin walls, surrounded by rich capillary networks.

    Respiratory Membrane

    • The respiratory membrane facilitates gas exchange between air and blood.
    • Three layers form the respiratory membrane: alveolar cells, fused basal laminae, and capillary endothelial cells.

    Type I and Type II Alveolar Cells

    • Type I alveolar cells are exceptionally thin, maximizing gas exchange.
    • Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, a crucial substance lowering surface tension in the alveoli.
    • Premature infants often have difficulties as their surfactant production is still developing.

    Alveolar Macrophages

    • Macrophages (dust cells) remove foreign particles and debris from alveoli.

    Other Points

    • The system is highly susceptible to inhaled pathogens causing respiratory diseases.
    • Chronic conditions like sinusitis, asthma, and bronchitis can result from various factors, such as infections, inflammation, allergies, or mucus buildup.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the respiratory system, its anatomical divisions, and the role of alveoli in gas exchange. This quiz covers essential concepts including ventilation and the structure of nasal cavities. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.

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