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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system is not considered part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which part of the respiratory system is not considered part of the upper respiratory tract?
What role do the nasal hairs play in the respiratory system?
What role do the nasal hairs play in the respiratory system?
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the inspiration and expiration process in respiration?
Which component is primarily responsible for the inspiration and expiration process in respiration?
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What is the primary role of the oropharynx?
What is the primary role of the oropharynx?
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Which structure is responsible for preventing food or liquids from entering the lungs?
Which structure is responsible for preventing food or liquids from entering the lungs?
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What is the function of the cilia lining the bronchioles?
What is the function of the cilia lining the bronchioles?
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Which part of the lower respiratory tract conducts air into the lungs?
Which part of the lower respiratory tract conducts air into the lungs?
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What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?
What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?
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What characterizes bronchioles compared to bronchi?
What characterizes bronchioles compared to bronchi?
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How does the larynx contribute to vocalization?
How does the larynx contribute to vocalization?
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Which bronchioles are the first to enter the lungs?
Which bronchioles are the first to enter the lungs?
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What is the primary function of mucus in the nasal cavity?
What is the primary function of mucus in the nasal cavity?
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Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
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Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?
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What is the function of adenoid tissue found in the nasopharynx?
What is the function of adenoid tissue found in the nasopharynx?
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How does air behave as it passes through the nasal cavity?
How does air behave as it passes through the nasal cavity?
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What nervous system component is responsible for the sense of smell in the nasal cavity?
What nervous system component is responsible for the sense of smell in the nasal cavity?
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What is a primary role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
What is a primary role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
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Which section of the pharynx lies above the soft palate?
Which section of the pharynx lies above the soft palate?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
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Which structure separates the lobes of the lungs?
Which structure separates the lobes of the lungs?
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How does carbon dioxide move from the blood to the alveoli?
How does carbon dioxide move from the blood to the alveoli?
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What role do the pleural membranes play in lung function?
What role do the pleural membranes play in lung function?
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What is a characteristic of the left lung compared to the right lung?
What is a characteristic of the left lung compared to the right lung?
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What type of blood do erythrocytes pick up in the lungs?
What type of blood do erythrocytes pick up in the lungs?
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What is the significance of the pulmonary lobule in the respiratory system?
What is the significance of the pulmonary lobule in the respiratory system?
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Which type of nervous system control affects airway dilation and constriction in the lungs?
Which type of nervous system control affects airway dilation and constriction in the lungs?
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What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
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What structural feature aids in the exchange of gases in the lungs?
What structural feature aids in the exchange of gases in the lungs?
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Which muscles are responsible for assisting the breathing process?
Which muscles are responsible for assisting the breathing process?
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How are the first seven ribs attached to the sternum?
How are the first seven ribs attached to the sternum?
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What occurs in the lungs during the inhalation phase of breathing?
What occurs in the lungs during the inhalation phase of breathing?
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What is true about the hilum of the lungs?
What is true about the hilum of the lungs?
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Which of the following best describes the intercostal muscles?
Which of the following best describes the intercostal muscles?
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What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?
What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is the body's breathing equipment, responsible for inhaling and exhaling gases for circulation throughout the body.
- Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body's cells.
- The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
Upper Respiratory Tracts
-
The Nose and Nasal Cavity:
- Visible externally, the nose is the entry point for air into the respiratory system.
- The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum (hyaline cartilage).
- The palate partitions the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
-
Functions of the nose and nasal hairs:
- Warming the air: The nose contains a rich blood supply, warming the air to near body temperature.
- Humidification: The nasal mucosa moistens the air.
- Filtering and cleaning: Nasal hairs trap particles and dust, and mucus adheres to microbials.
-
Other Nose Functions:
- Sense of Smell: The olfactory nerve provides the sense of smell.
- Taste Sensation: The nasal cavity contributes through its connection with the mouth.
The Palate
- Hard palate: Separates the nasal and oral cavities.
- Soft palate: Divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.
The Pharynx
- Located at the back of the nasal cavity, mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx.
- Responsible for transferring food from the mouth to the esophagus and for warming, moistening, and filtering air.
- Divided into three sections:
- Nasopharynx: Connects the nose to the mouth.
- Oropharynx: Accepts air from the nasopharynx and food from the mouth.
- Laryngopharynx: Passes food and air.
Larynx
- Allows air passage while preventing food and drink from blocking the airway.
- Contains the vocal folds, producing sounds of speech and singing.
- Composed of:
- Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
Lower Respiratory Tract
-
Bronchi:
- Conducts air into the lungs
- Branches into secondary and tertiary branches (bronchioles).
- Composed progressively of less cartilage and more smooth muscle.
- No gas exchange takes place here.
-
Bronchioles:
- Dominated by smooth muscle, with no cartilage present.
- Deliver air to the alveoli network.
- Three types:
- Lobular
- Terminal
- Respiratory
- Cilia: Present to remove debris and microbes.
-
Alveoli:
- Millions in number and responsible for air exchange.
- Oxygen diffuses through a single alveolar cell and a single capillary cell into the bloodstream.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary to the alveoli and is exhaled.
Pleural Cavities and Membranes
- The pleural cavity is a fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae.
- Parietal Pleura: Attached to the thoracic wall.
- Visceral Pleura: Covers the lungs.
- The two pleura adhere through a serous film.
The Lungs
- Consist of lobes separated by fissures.
- Right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
- Left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior.
- Cardiac Notch: an indentation on the left lung that allows space for the heart.
Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs
- Blood supply is essential for gas exchange and transport throughout the body.
- The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli.
- The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood away from the alveoli.
- The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems provide control of airway dilation and constriction.
Hilum
- Located on the central portion of each lung.
- The point where bronchi, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
Intercostal Muscles
- Assist in the breathing process
- Three layers:
- External
- Internal
- Innermost
Thoracic (Rib) Cage
- Protects the heart and lungs.
- Composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 ribs, and the sternum.
- The first 7 ribs are attached to the sternum by cartilage.
- The remaining 5 ribs have cartilage connecting them to the cartilage above.
- The last 2 ribs are floating, connected to muscles in the abdominal wall.
Inspiration and Expiration
-
Inhalation:
- Diaphragm relaxes, lungs expand.
- External intercostal muscles contract expanding the chest cavity.
- Innermost intercostal muscles relax.
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