The Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • To circulate blood throughout the body
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To digest food and absorb nutrients
  • To exchange gases between the atmosphere and body cells (correct)

    • Which part of the respiratory system is not considered part of the upper respiratory tract?

  • The Trachea (correct)
  • The Larynx
  • The Pharynx
  • The Nasal Cavity

    • What role do the nasal hairs play in the respiratory system?

  • They are involved in the production of mucus
  • They facilitate the exchange of gases
  • They filter out dust and foreign particles (correct)
  • They help regulate the temperature of inhaled air

    • What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

    <p>The palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for the inspiration and expiration process in respiration?

    <p>The Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the oropharynx?

    <p>To accept air from the nasopharynx and food from the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for preventing food or liquids from entering the lungs?

    <p>Laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cilia lining the bronchioles?

    <p>Removing debris and microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the lower respiratory tract conducts air into the lungs?

    <p>Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes bronchioles compared to bronchi?

    <p>Greater smooth muscle content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the larynx contribute to vocalization?

    <p>By containing vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bronchioles are the first to enter the lungs?

    <p>Lobular bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucus in the nasal cavity?

    <p>To filter and humidify incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

    <p>Hard palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adenoid tissue found in the nasopharynx?

    <p>To fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air behave as it passes through the nasal cavity?

    <p>It becomes saturated with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nervous system component is responsible for the sense of smell in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

    <p>It filters air before it reaches the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the pharynx lies above the soft palate?

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the lobes of the lungs?

    <p>Fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon dioxide move from the blood to the alveoli?

    <p>By diffusion from a higher concentration to a lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the pleural membranes play in lung function?

    <p>To assist in the mechanical expansion of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the left lung compared to the right lung?

    <p>It contains a cardiac notch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood do erythrocytes pick up in the lungs?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the pulmonary lobule in the respiratory system?

    <p>It provides a site for gas exchange with capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nervous system control affects airway dilation and constriction in the lungs?

    <p>Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

    <p>Carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature aids in the exchange of gases in the lungs?

    <p>Respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are responsible for assisting the breathing process?

    <p>Intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the first seven ribs attached to the sternum?

    <p>By costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the lungs during the inhalation phase of breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm relaxes and lungs expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the hilum of the lungs?

    <p>Contains bronchi, arteries, and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the intercostal muscles?

    <p>Assist in breathing and are in three layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?

    <p>The innermost intercostal muscles contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is the body's breathing equipment, responsible for inhaling and exhaling gases for circulation throughout the body.
    • Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body's cells.
    • The respiratory system is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

    Upper Respiratory Tracts

    • The Nose and Nasal Cavity:
      • Visible externally, the nose is the entry point for air into the respiratory system.
      • The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum (hyaline cartilage).
      • The palate partitions the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
      • Functions of the nose and nasal hairs:
        • Warming the air: The nose contains a rich blood supply, warming the air to near body temperature.
        • Humidification: The nasal mucosa moistens the air.
        • Filtering and cleaning: Nasal hairs trap particles and dust, and mucus adheres to microbials.
      • Other Nose Functions:
        • Sense of Smell: The olfactory nerve provides the sense of smell.
        • Taste Sensation: The nasal cavity contributes through its connection with the mouth.

    The Palate

    • Hard palate: Separates the nasal and oral cavities.
    • Soft palate: Divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

    The Pharynx

    • Located at the back of the nasal cavity, mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx.
    • Responsible for transferring food from the mouth to the esophagus and for warming, moistening, and filtering air.
    • Divided into three sections:
      • Nasopharynx: Connects the nose to the mouth.
      • Oropharynx: Accepts air from the nasopharynx and food from the mouth.
      • Laryngopharynx: Passes food and air.

    Larynx

    • Allows air passage while preventing food and drink from blocking the airway.
    • Contains the vocal folds, producing sounds of speech and singing.
    • Composed of:
      • Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
      • Cricoid cartilage
      • Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Bronchi:
      • Conducts air into the lungs
      • Branches into secondary and tertiary branches (bronchioles).
      • Composed progressively of less cartilage and more smooth muscle.
      • No gas exchange takes place here.
    • Bronchioles:
      • Dominated by smooth muscle, with no cartilage present.
      • Deliver air to the alveoli network.
      • Three types:
        • Lobular
        • Terminal
        • Respiratory
      • Cilia: Present to remove debris and microbes.
    • Alveoli:
      • Millions in number and responsible for air exchange.
      • Oxygen diffuses through a single alveolar cell and a single capillary cell into the bloodstream.
      • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary to the alveoli and is exhaled.

    Pleural Cavities and Membranes

    • The pleural cavity is a fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae.
    • Parietal Pleura: Attached to the thoracic wall.
    • Visceral Pleura: Covers the lungs.
    • The two pleura adhere through a serous film.

    The Lungs

    • Consist of lobes separated by fissures.
    • Right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
    • Left lung has 2 lobes: superior and inferior.
    • Cardiac Notch: an indentation on the left lung that allows space for the heart.

    Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs

    • Blood supply is essential for gas exchange and transport throughout the body.
    • The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli.
    • The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood away from the alveoli.
    • The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems provide control of airway dilation and constriction.

    Hilum

    • Located on the central portion of each lung.
    • The point where bronchi, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.

    Intercostal Muscles

    • Assist in the breathing process
    • Three layers:
      • External
      • Internal
      • Innermost

    Thoracic (Rib) Cage

    • Protects the heart and lungs.
    • Composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 ribs, and the sternum.
    • The first 7 ribs are attached to the sternum by cartilage.
    • The remaining 5 ribs have cartilage connecting them to the cartilage above.
    • The last 2 ribs are floating, connected to muscles in the abdominal wall.

    Inspiration and Expiration

    • Inhalation:
      • Diaphragm relaxes, lungs expand.
      • External intercostal muscles contract expanding the chest cavity.
      • Innermost intercostal muscles relax.

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