Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nose in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the nose in the respiratory system?
- To assist with cellular respiration
- To humidify incoming air
- To facilitate gas exchange
- To filter and warm incoming air (correct)
Which of the following correctly defines internal respiration?
Which of the following correctly defines internal respiration?
- Breakdown of organic molecules to release energy
- Gas exchange between blood and air sacs of the lung
- Gas exchange between blood capillaries and body cells (correct)
- Gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli
Which organ is part of the Upper Respiratory Tract?
Which organ is part of the Upper Respiratory Tract?
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Nasal cavity (correct)
What role does the epiglottis serve in the respiratory system?
What role does the epiglottis serve in the respiratory system?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for the removal of particles that enter the larynx?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for the removal of particles that enter the larynx?
Which muscles are primarily involved in the process of breathing?
Which muscles are primarily involved in the process of breathing?
What is the primary function of the ciliated epithelium in the trachea?
What is the primary function of the ciliated epithelium in the trachea?
Which structure is responsible for dividing the trachea into the right and left bronchi?
Which structure is responsible for dividing the trachea into the right and left bronchi?
What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
Which process is considered cellular respiration?
Which process is considered cellular respiration?
How does smoking affect the air passages in the lungs?
How does smoking affect the air passages in the lungs?
What is the function of the pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura?
What is the function of the pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura?
What type of tissue composes the alveolar walls?
What type of tissue composes the alveolar walls?
What role do intercostal muscles play during respiration?
What role do intercostal muscles play during respiration?
Where does oxygen primarily combine with hemoglobin in the lungs?
Where does oxygen primarily combine with hemoglobin in the lungs?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens during the process of inspiration?
What happens during the process of inspiration?
What is Tidal Volume in relation to lung capacity?
What is Tidal Volume in relation to lung capacity?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the diffusing capacity (DLCO or TLCO)?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect the diffusing capacity (DLCO or TLCO)?
What is the primary function of the peripheral and central chemoreceptors in breathing control?
What is the primary function of the peripheral and central chemoreceptors in breathing control?
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
What occurs during expiration?
What occurs during expiration?
What is the typical breathing rate for an adult?
What is the typical breathing rate for an adult?
At sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
At sea level, what is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
Flashcards
External Respiration
External Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air sacs of the lungs and the blood capillaries.
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
The exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the body cells.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
The process by which glucose is broken down in cells to release energy.
Inspiration
Inspiration
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Expiration
Expiration
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Trachea
Trachea
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Tidal Volume
Tidal Volume
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Partial Pressure
Partial Pressure
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Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
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Gas Diffusion
Gas Diffusion
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Diffusing Capacity (DLCO or TLCO)
Diffusing Capacity (DLCO or TLCO)
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Haemoglobin
Haemoglobin
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Why is the trachea C-shaped?
Why is the trachea C-shaped?
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What is the role of cilia and goblet cells in the trachea?
What is the role of cilia and goblet cells in the trachea?
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What is the difference between trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?
What is the difference between trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?
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How does smoking affect the lungs?
How does smoking affect the lungs?
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What is the function of the pleura in the lungs?
What is the function of the pleura in the lungs?
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What is the primary function of alveoli?
What is the primary function of alveoli?
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How does the diaphragm aid in breathing?
How does the diaphragm aid in breathing?
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How do the ribs and intercostal muscles participate in breathing?
How do the ribs and intercostal muscles participate in breathing?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system's function is to exchange gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment.
- It involves a series of tubes that filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.
- Gas exchange happens in microscopic air sacs called alveoli within the lungs.
Respiration Types
- External respiration: Gas exchange between blood capillaries and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.
- Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood capillaries and body cells.
- Cellular respiration: The breakdown of organic molecules (usually glucose) in cells to release energy.
Respiratory System Organs and Functions
- Nose and Mouth: These structures provide an entry point for air, filtering, warming, and moistening it.
- Nasal Cavity: Warms, filters, and humidifies incoming air and contains fine hairs.
- Pharynx (Throat): A common passageway for air and food.
- Larynx (Voice Box): Cartilaginous structure preventing food from entering the trachea. Contains the vocal cords.
- Trachea (Windpipe): C-shaped cartilage maintains its structure and allows the esophagus to expand. Lined with cilia and mucus to trap particles.
- Bronchi: The trachea divides into two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
- Bronchioles: Smaller branches of the bronchi leading to the alveoli.
- Alveoli: Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
- Lungs: Cone-shaped organs filled with alveoli, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage.
- Diaphragm: A large muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Moves during breathing, contracting for inhalation and relaxing for exhalation.
- Ribs and Intercostal Muscles: Protect the respiratory organs and aid in the process of ventilation by moving the ribs to change the size of the chest cavity..
Activity 1 - Atmospheric Gases
- The most prevalent gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and noble gases. Carbon dioxide is present in much smaller quantities.
Cigarette Smoking and Respiratory Health
- Smoking leads to tar buildup in the airways, harming the lungs and impeding gas exchange.
- This increases risks for bronchitis and lung cancer.
Breathing Mechanics
- The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called ventilation (breathing).
- Breathing involves inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).
- Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, increasing chest cavity size, and lowering air pressure in alveoli.
- Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax, decreasing chest cavity size, raising air pressure in alveoli.
Control Mechanisms
- Breathing is often controlled involuntarily by the brain.
- Chemical signals in the blood (e.g., carbon dioxide levels) and receptors in the lungs provide feedback to the brain for adjusting breathing rate.
Gas Transport and Diffusion:
- Oxygen is primarily carried in the blood by hemoglobin.
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in several forms.
- Gas exchange in the alveoli relies on diffusion across the thin alveolar-capillary membrane, driven by differences in partial pressure.
- The respiratory system depends on the properties of the gases and how the membrane is structured, factors like membrane thickness, surface area and pressure differences play a critical role in gas diffusion efficiency.
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