Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

  • Filters and cleans the air entering the lungs.
  • Supports the structure of the larynx.
  • Produces sound for speech.
  • Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract. (correct)

What structure is directly inferior to the hyoid bone?

  • Oropharynx
  • Nasopharynx
  • Laryngopharynx (correct)
  • Trachea

Which of the following describes the function of the nasal conchae?

  • Supplies oxygen to the alveoli.
  • Regulates the airflow and cleans the air more efficiently. (correct)
  • Facilitates the exchange of carbon dioxide.
  • Supports the structure of the nasal cavity.

What defines the term 'Rima glottis'?

<p>The opening between the vocal folds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature protects the trachea?

<p>Cartilaginous rings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vocal folds is true?

<p>Their tension affects the pitch of the sound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsil?

<p>Nasopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of paranasal sinuses?

<p>To lighten the weight of the bones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>To propel the bolus through the digestive system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the stomach wall has fibers that run around the body of the stomach?

<p>Circular layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when the bolus mixes with gastric acid in the stomach?

<p>Chyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine is responsible for solidifying indigestible wastes into feces?

<p>Sigmoid colon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the appendix?

<p>Appendicitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of jaundice results from the obstruction of bile ducts?

<p>Obstructive jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of diverticulitis?

<p>Low-fiber diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the small intestine is the primary region for nutrient absorption?

<p>Jejunum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the large intestine absorbing too much water?

<p>Constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary surfactant produced by alveolar type II cells?

<p>To break surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lung capacities represents the total volume of air that can be moved in and out in a single maximal breath?

<p>Vital Capacity (VC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes type I alveolar cells from type II alveolar cells?

<p>Type I cells are involved in rapid gas diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the final part of the bronchial tree leading to the alveolar ducts?

<p>Terminal bronchioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the movement of gases during breathing?

<p>Alveolar pressure during exhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the lungs of a smoker compared to a nonsmoker?

<p>Irregular surface texture due to fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about emphysema is true?

<p>It leads to dilation and destruction of alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)?

<p>Underdeveloped surfactant-producing cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During quiet breathing, which muscles are primarily engaged?

<p>External intercostals and diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver?

<p>Filtration of toxins from blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung structure is primarily responsible for dividing the lungs into lobes?

<p>Oblique fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following conditions does bronchoconstriction occur?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for preventing the regurgitation of materials from the stomach back into the esophagus?

<p>Inferior esophageal sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of saliva in the digestive process?

<p>Moistening and lubricating food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic bronchitis compared to acute bronchitis?

<p>It results in persistent cough with heavy mucus discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature of the lungs accommodates the heart?

<p>Cardiac notch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive tract is primarily involved in absorption of nutrients?

<p>Duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiratory muscle engagement is characterized by increased depth of breath while trying to smell something?

<p>Forced inhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory digestive organ produces pancreatic juices that aid in digestion?

<p>Pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gallbladder is primarily responsible for which function?

<p>Storage and concentration of bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary lobes of the liver?

<p>Quadrate, caudate, right, left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Pancreas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of food through the digestive tract is mainly facilitated by which process?

<p>Peristalsis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are included in the oral cavity?

<p>Tongue, teeth, saliva (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the teeth is covered by a hard white substance?

<p>Crown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the uvula during swallowing?

<p>To elevate and keep food moving downward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of muscle found in the tongue?

<p>Skeletal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following teeth type is primarily designed for tearing food?

<p>Canines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract?

<p>Epiglottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are primarily responsible for the passage of air into the nasal cavity?

<p>Nares (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the vocal folds during sound production?

<p>They vibrate to produce sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is primarily supported by C-shaped cartilage?

<p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is the largest in the larynx?

<p>Thyroid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

<p>They lighten the bones of the skull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the pitch of the sound produced by the vocal folds?

<p>The length of the vocal folds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>It regulates the entry of chyme into the small intestine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>The substance formed after bolus mixes with gastric acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the large intestine?

<p>Digestive enzyme secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the greater omentum?

<p>Extends like an apron from the greater curvature to protect abdominal organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as the inflammation of the appendix?

<p>Appendicitis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During defecation, which of the following occurs?

<p>Both anal sphincters are relaxed involuntarily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes heartburn?

<p>Reflux of acid into the esophagus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the small intestine is primarily responsible for receiving bile and pancreatic secretions?

<p>Duodenum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diverticulosis?

<p>Formation of diverticula along the colon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to physiological jaundice in newborns?

<p>Immature liver unable to excrete bilirubin quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do alveolar type II cells primarily serve in the alveoli?

<p>Generate pulmonary surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung disorder is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways, leading to wheezing and shortness of breath?

<p>Asthma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the respiratory membrane?

<p>A thin barrier facilitating gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis?

<p>Prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lung is known to be smaller to accommodate the heart?

<p>Left lung (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during exhalation in the respiratory process?

<p>Air flows out of the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature allows for the division of the right lung into lobes?

<p>Oblique and horizontal fissures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the forced exhalation process involve?

<p>Active contraction of internal intercostals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation called?

<p>Residual Volume (RV) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pulmonary surfactant?

<p>Facilitate oxygen transport through the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the main challenge for infants with underdeveloped surfactant-producing cells?

<p>Alveoli collapse leading to IRDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>Alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hypoventilation compared to eupnea?

<p>It involves a decrease in respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gallbladder in digestion?

<p>Store and concentrate bile for fat digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the hepatic artery supply to the liver?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

<p>Emulsify fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which duct transports bile from the gallbladder?

<p>Cystic duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the digestive tract begin?

<p>Oral cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the pharynx is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

<p>Laryngopharynx (A), Oropharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pancreas's exocrine component?

<p>Delivery of pancreatic juice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of teeth is primarily for slicing food?

<p>Incisors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the regurgitation of stomach content into the esophagus?

<p>Inferior esophageal sphincter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the uvula during swallowing?

<p>Block the nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'mesial surface' of a tooth?

<p>Surface facing away from the roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the liver to the stomach?

<p>Esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is the primary site for nutrient absorption?

<p>Small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in terms of blood?

<p>Filter toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure helps regulate the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

<p>Pyloric sphincter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nasal Cavity Function

Warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.

Larynx Function

Passageway for air, prevents food from entering the airway, produces sound for speech, and involved in coughs/sneezes.

Epiglottis Function

A flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs.

Vocal Folds

Folds within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound.

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Trachea Structure

A tube supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings which keeps the tube open, protecting the airway.

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Bronchioles

Smaller tubes branching off the bronchi that lead to alveolar sacs.

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Alveoli Function

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Pharynx Function

The throat; a passageway for both air and food.

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Bronchial Tree

The branching system of tubes in the lungs, starting from the trachea and ending in bronchioles.

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Alveolar Ducts

The tubes leading to alveolar sacs in the lungs, carrying air.

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Alveolar Sacs

Clusters of tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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Pulmonary Surfactant

A substance produced by type II alveolar cells that reduces surface tension in alveoli.

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External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the air and the blood in the lungs.

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Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body cells.

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Inhalation

The process of taking air into the lungs.

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Exhalation

The process of breathing out air from the lungs.

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Tidal Volume

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal, resting breath

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Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one breath.

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Emphysema

Lung disease causing alveoli to rupture and lose elasticity.

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Peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions of the digestive tube that push food along, like a wave squeezing a tube.

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Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by muscular contractions.

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Chemical digestion

Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes and acids, changing its composition.

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Chyme

Semi-solid, pasty mixture of food and gastric juice found in your stomach.

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Cardia

The region of the stomach where the esophagus connects, located beneath the heart.

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Fundus

The dome-shaped region of the stomach, opposite the cardia.

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Pyloric sphincter

A muscular valve that controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

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Greater curvature

The larger, longer curve of the stomach.

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Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine, shaped like a 'C', responsible for receiving bile and pancreatic secretions.

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Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, often caused by bacterial infection.

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Serosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract that connects it to surrounding structures.

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Continuous Digestive Tube

A long, continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus, including the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

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Accessory Digestive Organs

Organs that are connected to the GI tract but not part of it, such as the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Liver Function

Filters toxins from the blood, breaks down old red blood cells, produces bile, and has a lot of blood flow, making it dark red.

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Liver Location

Located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

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Liver Lobes

Four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate. The right and left lobes are separated by the falciform ligament.

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Hepatic Portal Vein

Carries nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract, capillaries, spleen, and pancreas to the liver, where toxins are filtered.

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Hepatic Artery

Carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver.

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Gallbladder Function

Stores and concentrates bile, an emulsifying agent for fat digestion in the small intestine.

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Biliary Apparatus

A network of ducts that transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

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Pancreas Function

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Produces insulin and glucagon (endocrine) and pancreatic juice/enzymes (exocrine).

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Oral Cavity Regions

Two regions: vestibule (space between lips and teeth) and oral cavity proper (where food enters after being bitten).

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Palate Function

Forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity.

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Tongue Functions

Made of muscle, it mixes food, helps swallowing, pushes food back to molars for chewing, and mixes food with saliva to form a bolus.

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Nares

External openings of the nose, also known as nostrils, where air enters the body.

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Vestibule

The space right inside the nasal openings, acting as a waiting area for incoming air.

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Nasal Conchae

Structures inside the nasal cavity that create turbulence in air flow, increasing efficiency of air cleaning.

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Paranasal Sinuses

Air spaces within bones that lighten their weight, named after the bones they reside in.

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Pharynx

The throat, acting as a passageway for both air and food.

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Larynx

The voice box, responsible for sound production while serving as an air passage.

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Epiglottis

A flap of cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs.

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Trachea

The windpipe, connecting the larynx to the bronchi, supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

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Diarrhea

The large intestine absorbing too little water, causing watery stools.

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Constipation

The large intestine absorbing too much water, leading to dry, hard stools.

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Diverticulosis

Development of sac-like outpouchings (diverticula) along the colon.

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Alveolar Type I Cells

Thin, flat cells that form the boundary wall of alveoli, allowing for rapid gas diffusion.

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Alveolar Type II Cells

Cuboidal cells in alveoli that produce surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing.

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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

A life-threatening condition in newborns due to underdeveloped surfactant-producing cells, causing alveoli to collapse and difficulty breathing.

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Respiratory Membrane

The thin wall separating the space inside an alveolus and the pulmonary capillaries, allowing for quick gas exchange.

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Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, resting breath.

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Vital Capacity (VC)

The total volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with a maximal inhalation and exhalation.

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Liver

Filters toxins from the blood, breaks down old red blood cells, produces bile, and is dark red due to its rich blood flow.

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Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile, an emulsifying agent for fat digestion in the small intestine.

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Pancreas

Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Produces insulin and glucagon (endocrine) and pancreatic juice/enzymes (exocrine).

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Palate

Forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity.

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Tongue

Made of muscle, it mixes food, helps swallowing, pushes food back to molars for chewing, and mixes food with saliva to form a bolus.

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Teeth

Hard structures used for biting, tearing, and grinding food.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

  • Air pathway: Nares → vestibule → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs (containing alveoli) → pulmonary capillaries (O2 → CO2 exchange)
  • CO2 travels the same path in reverse.
  • Nose & Nasal Cavity:
    • Nares (nostrils): external openings for air intake.
    • Nasal bones & cartilage: form the bridge and support the nose.
    • Vestibule: interior area inside the nose.
    • Conchae (superior, middle, inferior): bony projections for increased air cleaning efficiency.
  • Paranasal Sinuses:
    • Air-filled spaces in bones, lighten the skull, with names matching the bone.
  • Pharynx (Throat):
    • Nasopharynx: superior to the soft palate, contains the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids).
    • Oropharynx: between the soft palate and hyoid bone, contains palatine and lingual tonsils.
    • Laryngopharynx: inferior to the hyoid bone, connects to the esophagus.
  • Larynx (Voice Box):
    • Epiglottis: leaf-shaped cartilage, covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.
    • Functions: air passage, prevents food entry, voice production, reflex action (coughing/sneezing).
    • Thyroid cartilage: largest, forms Adam's apple (more prominent in males).
    • Cricoid cartilage: smaller, inferior to the thyroid.
    • Vocal folds: vibrate to produce sound. Rima glottis is the opening between them.
    • Vocal range depends on vocal fold length.
    • Pitch controlled by fold tension, loudness by air force.
  • Trachea (Windpipe):
    • Anterior to esophagus, connects larynx to primary bronchi.
    • Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
  • Bronchial Tree:
    • Trachea branches into primary bronchi, branching further into smaller bronchi & bronchioles.
    • Bronchioles lack cartilage, have smooth muscle for air control.
    • Larger bronchi have cartilage.
    • Terminal bronchioles: end of conducting pathway leading to alveolar sacs.
  • Respiratory Portion:
    • Alveolar ducts: lead to alveolar sacs.
    • Alveolar sacs: clusters of alveoli.
    • Alveoli: small air sacs for gas exchange, surrounded by pulmonary capillaries.
  • Alveoli Details:
    • Type I cells: thin, structural, for gas diffusion.
    • Type II cells: produce surfactant, reducing surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse.
    • Surfactant deficiency: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS).
    • Respiratory membrane: thin barrier for rapid gas exchange.
  • Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing):
    • External respiration: atmosphere to blood, inhaling O2 and entering pulmonary capillaries.
    • Internal respiration: blood to body cells, O2 blood to left atrium/ventricle & gas exchange again.
    • Inhalation: thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows into lungs.
    • Exhalation: thoracic cavity volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out.
    • Breathing involves changes in vertical, lateral, and anterior/posterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
  • Breathing Muscles:
    • Quiet breathing: diaphragm and external intercostals.
    • Forced breathing: accessory muscles for increased expansion.
    • Eupnea: relaxed breathing (costals or diaphragmatic).
    • Hyperpnea: forced breathing, utilizing all muscles.

Respiratory System Disorders

  • Smoking: increases respiratory illnesses, reduced lifespan.
  • Common Cold: upper respiratory infection, viral in nature, spread by droplets, mild symptoms.
  • Pneumonia: infection causing fluid buildup in alveoli.
  • Bronchitis: infection/inflammation of bronchi (acute vs. chronic).
  • Asthma: compromised airflow due to inflammation, mucous, bronchoconstriction.
  • Emphysema: alveoli rupture, reduced gas exchange capacity.
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis: environmental particles produce fibrous tissue in lungs.

Lungs

  • Visceral pleura: covers lung surface.
  • Parietal pleura: lines the thoracic cavity wall.
  • Pleura cavity: space between visceral and parietal pleura.
  • Lung lobes (right and left): differences in fissures, cardiac notch in left lung.
  • Bronchopulmonary segments: independently functioning segments of each lung.

Lung Volumes and Capacities

  • Tidal volume (TV): air inhaled/exhaled during a normal breath.
  • Vital capacity (VC): maximum volume moved in a breath.
  • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): extra air beyond a normal inhale.
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): extra air beyond a normal exhale.
  • Residual volume (RV): air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

Glossary

  • Pulmonary capillaries: Tiny blood vessels surrounding alveoli.
  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
  • Surfactant: Substance produced in alveoli to reduce surface tension.
  • Rima glottis: The opening between the vocal folds.

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Description

Explore the complex pathway of air as it travels through the respiratory system, from the nares to the alveoli. This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and the respiratory structures involved in gas exchange. Test your understanding of the respiratory processes and structures that enable breathing.

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