Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the conducting zone?

  • Bronchi
  • Nasal cavity
  • Trachea
  • Alveoli (correct)

The larynx is responsible for regulating the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs.

True (A)

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To provide oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide.

The _____ converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate for transport.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory functions with their descriptions:

<p>Sensing odors = Detects airborne chemicals Producing speech = Facilitates vocalization Straining = Increases abdominal pressure Coughing = Clears the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a region of the pharynx?

<p>Bronchopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory membranes are where gas exchange occurs between capillaries and alveoli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one lung disease mentioned that affects respiratory function.

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the superior and middle lobes of the lungs?

<p>Horizontal fissure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parietal pleura directly covers the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure in the pleural cavity during breathing?

<p>-4 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of __________ involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

<p>pulmonary ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of respiration with their descriptions:

<p>Pulmonary ventilation = Movement of air in and out of the lungs External respiration = Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood Internal respiration = Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells Transport = Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a major driver of pulmonary ventilation?

<p>Oxygen saturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boyle's Law states that if volume decreases, pressure increases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The atmospheric pressure reference point is __________ mmHg.

<p>760</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes air to enter the lungs?

<p>Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of expiration increases the volume in the thoracic cavity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tidal volume (TV)?

<p>The amount of air that normally enters and exits the lungs during quiet breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sum of all lung volumes is known as __________.

<p>total lung capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory volumes with their descriptions:

<p>Tidal Volume (TV) = Amount of air during quiet breathing Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = Air exhaled after normal expiration Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = Extra volume inhaled during forced inspiration Residual Volume (RV) = Air remaining in lungs after forced expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

During normal inspiration, which muscles contract?

<p>Diaphragm and external intercostals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The residual volume (RV) helps keep the lungs open.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air flows into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is __________ than intra-alveolar pressure.

<p>greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average total lung capacity (TLC) for women?

<p>4200 mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The functional residual capacity (FRC) consists of the tidal volume and the residual volume.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?

<p>To indicate effective ventilation by excluding dead space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gases is known as _____.

<p>partial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory volumes with their definitions:

<p>Tidal Volume (TV) = Volume of air in a normal breath Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = Maximum air inhaled after a normal tidal expiration Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = Air exhaled after normal expiration Residual Volume = Air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3–)?

<p>70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiration occurs in the tissues?

<p>Internal respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocytes bind most of the oxygen in the bloodstream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Simple diffusion is the mechanism through which gas exchange occurs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide transportation?

<p>It catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Slow breathing, also known as ______, can lead to respiratory acidosis.

<p>hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a person's respiratory rate may be affected by disease?

<p>An increase or decrease in the total number of breaths per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of carbon dioxide transportation in the blood?

<p>Dissolving in plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon dioxide binds to iron in hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the airway, resulting in difficulty breathing?

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbon dioxide transport mechanisms with their respective percentages:

<p>Dissolved in plasma = 7-10% Transport as bicarbonate = 70% Bound to hemoglobin = 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of an asthma attack?

<p>Increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factors can trigger asthma attacks?

<p>Dust, pollen, pet hair, dander, weather changes, mold, tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, exercise, and stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a persistent _______.

<p>cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory diseases with their characteristics:

<p>Asthma = Periodic bronchospasms and coughing COPD = Long-term breathing problems and poor airflow Emphysema = Damage to alveoli causing oxygen deficiency Chronic Bronchitis = Ongoing cough with excess mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wheezing is a common sound associated with chronic bronchitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with COPD?

<p>Smoker's cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils are involved in infiltrating the walls of the _______.

<p>bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory System

The body system responsible for gas exchange, providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Conducting Zone

Part of the respiratory system that moves air but doesn't exchange gases (e.g., nose, trachea).

Respiratory Zone

Part of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs (e.g., alveoli).

Upper Respiratory

Part of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

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Lower Respiratory

Part of the respiratory system that includes larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.

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Pharynx

A tube connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus, acting as a passageway for air and food.

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Nasal Cavity

The internal part of the nose that warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.

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Larynx

The voice box, a cartilaginous structure connecting the pharynx to the trachea.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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Respiratory Membrane

Thin barrier separating air in the alveoli from blood in capillaries, enabling gas exchange.

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Bronchi

The branches of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

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Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of breathing, which involves moving air into and out of the lungs.

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Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure of the air surrounding the body.

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Intra-alveolar Pressure

The pressure inside the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.

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Intrapleural Pressure

The pressure inside the space between the lungs and the chest wall.

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Horizontal Fissure

A division in the lung separating the superior and middle lobes.

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Visceral Pleura

The inner layer of the pleura that surrounds the lungs.

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Parietal Pleura

The outer layer of the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity.

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Pleural Cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

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Boyle's Law

States that in a gas, pressure and volume are inversely related, at constant temperature.

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Inspiration

The process of inhaling air into the lungs.

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Expiration

The process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

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External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

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Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the blood and the body's cells.

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Vital Capacity (VC)

The maximum amount of air a person can move in and out of their lungs, calculated by summing tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume.

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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. It's the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation. It's the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.

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Respiratory Rate

The number of breaths per minute, a crucial indicator of health and disease.

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Minute Ventilation Rate

The total volume of gas flowing into or out of the respiratory system in one minute.

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Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)

The flow of gases into and out of the alveoli (air sacs) per minute, a better measure of effective ventilation than minute ventilation.

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Partial Pressure (Px)

The pressure exerted by a specific gas within a mixture of gases, independent of other gases' pressures.

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External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and the environment, specifically occurring in the alveoli.

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Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

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Inspiration

The process of air entering the lungs.

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Expiration

The process of air leaving the lungs.

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Respiratory Cycle

A sequence of inspiration and expiration.

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Diaphragm

A muscle that contracts and relaxes to change chest cavity volume.

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External Intercostals

Muscles between the ribs that help expand the chest cavity during inhalation.

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Internal Intercostals

Muscles between the ribs that helps contract the chest cavity during exhalation.

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Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath.

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath.

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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The extra air that can be inhaled beyond a normal breath.

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Residual Volume (RV)

The air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation.

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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The sum of all lung volumes (TV, ERV, IRV, and RV).

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Intra-alveolar pressure

Pressure inside the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs).

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Atmospheric pressure

The pressure of the air outside the body.

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Asthma Attack Trigger

Asthma attacks can be caused by environmental factors like dust, pollen, or pet hair, changes in the weather, mold, tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, exercise, or stress.

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Asthma Attack Symptoms

Symptoms of an asthma attack include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.

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COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a long-term lung disease affecting breathing.

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COPD Causes

COPD includes conditions like emphysema (damaged air sacs) and chronic bronchitis (ongoing cough).

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COPD Symptoms

COPD symptoms may include a persistent cough, shortness of breath especially during activity, wheezing and whistling sounds.

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Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is an ongoing cough lasting months, appearing at least twice a year, related to inflammation in airways.

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Emphysema

Emphysema is a lung disease, where damaged air sacs (alveoli) make it difficult to get enough oxygen.

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Immune Infiltration

Cells like eosinophils may enter the bronchial walls in respiratory illnesses like asthma.

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External Respiration

Gas exchange between the alveoli (in the lungs) and capillaries. Oxygen moves into the blood, and carbon dioxide moves out.

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Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between capillaries and body tissues. Oxygen moves out of the blood into tissues, and carbon dioxide moves from tissues into the blood.

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CO2 Transport: Plasma

Carbon dioxide dissolves directly into the blood plasma component. A small percentage of CO2 travels this way

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CO2 Transport: Bicarbonate

Most CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood. This is a crucial way CO2 travels in the bloodstream.

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CO2 Transport: Hemoglobin

About 20% of CO2 binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. This protein carries CO2 to the lungs.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that facilitates the conversion of CO2 and water into carbonic acid.

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Respiratory Acidosis

Blood condition resulting from a build-up of carbon dioxide. This shifts the CO2 reaction in a way that increases acidity causing the pH to drop.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

Blood condition resulting from a loss of carbon dioxide through fast breathing (hyperventilation). This shifts the CO2 reaction in a way that decreases acidity causing the pH to rise.

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Asthma

A chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System

  • Major functions include providing oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, removing carbon dioxide (a waste product), and maintaining acid-base balance.
  • Non-vital functions of the respiratory system include sensing odors, producing speech, straining, and coughing
  • The respiratory system is functionally classified into conducting and respiratory zones.
  • Conducting zone: Includes structures not directly involved in gas exchange (nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi)
  • Respiratory zone: Includes structures where gas exchange takes place (capillaries and alveoli)
  • The respiratory system is regionally classified into upper and lower respiratory tracts.
  • Upper respiratory: Nose, adjacent structures and pharynx.
  • Lower respiratory: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli.
  • The nose is a major point of entry and exit, consisting of two main sections: -External nose -Nasal cavity (or internal nose)
  • The nose moistens and filters air and contains smell receptors.
  • The pharynx is a tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucosa, continuous with the nasal cavities. Key regions include nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
  • The larynx is a cartilaginous structure inferior to the laryngopharynx, connecting the pharynx to the trachea. It regulates airflow and contains key cartilages.
  • Three main cartilages are: -thyroid cartilage (anterior) -epiglottis(superior) -cricoid cartilage (inferior)
  • The larynx helps regulate airflow and prevents solid objects from entering the trachea.
  • The trachea, aka windpipe, connects the larynx to the lungs. It's made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces connected by connective tissue. The trachea branches into two primary bronchi.
  • Bronchi branch into bronchioles, which decrease in diameter. Bronchioles do not contain cartilage and have smooth muscle to control airflow. Terminal bronchioles lead to the site of gas exchange.
  • The respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory bronchioles, the smallest bronchioles.
  • Respiratory bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, opening into clusters of alveoli
  • Alveoli are grape-like sacs that are attached to the alveolar ducts, responsible for gas exchange.
  • Alveolar ducts have smooth muscle and connective tissues, opening into alveolar sacs.
  • Alveolar sacs contain many alveoli.
  • Alveoli have elastic walls that stretch during inhalation, increasing the surface area for gas exchange.
  • Alveoli are connected by alveolar pores, aiding in equalizing air pressure throughout.
  • Alveolar walls contain type I and type II alveolar cells. Type I alveolar cells are squamous epithelial cells and highly permeable to gases. Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, reducing surface tension of alveoli.
  • Alveolar macrophages remove debris and pathogens that reach the alveoli
  • The respiratory membrane is a thin, essential structure approximately 0.5 millimeters thick formed by alveolar and capillary membranes allowing gas exchange via simple diffusion.
  • Oxygen is picked up by blood and CO2 is released into alveoli.
  • The lungs, pyramid-shaped paired organs, are connected to the trachea, resting on the diaphragm. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left, with the latter having a smaller volume.
  • The lungs contain a cardiac notch, an indentation on the left side that accommodates the heart. The lung apex is the superior part, and the base is near the diaphragm. Lobes are present in both the right and left lungs, with fissures separating them.
  • Pleurae are two-layered serous membranes surrounding the lungs. Visceral pleura lines the lungs, while parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm. The pleural cavity exists between these membranes.
  • Pulmonary ventilation is governed by pressure differences: -Atmospheric pressure -Intra-alveolar pressure (pressure within alveoli) -Intrapleural pressure (pressure within the pleural cavity)
  • Boyle's law demonstrates an inverse relationship between volume and pressure in a gas.
  • The process of breathing involves inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling) using muscles such as the diaphragm and external intercostals.
  • Respiratory volumes and capacities describe the volume of air moved by lungs, and important parameters include: -Tidal volume (TV) -Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -Residual volume (RV) -Inspiratory capacity (IC) -Functional residual capacity (FRC) -Vital capacity (VC) -Total lung capacity (TLC)
  • Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute.
  • Gas exchange involves partial pressure gradients. Gases move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
  • External respiration happens in the lungs, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood
  • Internal respiration happens in tissues, exchanging gases between blood and cells.
  • Major mechanisms of CO2 transport include: -dissolved in blood plasma
    • conversion to bicarbonate
    • binding to hemoglobin
  • Respiratory diseases, such as asthma (inflammation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), (which includes emphysema), and lung cancer, can impact respiratory function.
  • Lung cancer has several types, with smoking being a major risk factor.

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Description

Explore the vital and non-vital functions of the respiratory system in this quiz. Learn about the conducting and respiratory zones, as well as the classifications of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions that facilitate gas exchange and other essential processes.

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