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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the respiratory system? (Select all that apply)

  • Circulation
  • Production of voice (correct)
  • Improves and regulates the air (correct)
  • Digestion
  • Olfaction (correct)
  • Exchange of gases (correct)

    • What part of the respiratory system conducts air?

    Air conducting part

    What is the name of the structure that divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves?

    Nasal septum

    Which of the following animals have a nose that does not project from the face?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the openings in the apex of the nose that lead to the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nostrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rostral portion of the nasal septum made of?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of nasal cartilages? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral accessory nasal cartilage is present in horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medial accessory nasal cartilage forms a large S-shaped structure in all species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alar nasal cartilage is only present in horses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal cavity is supported by cartilage only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the external orifices of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nostrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the area of modified skin surrounding the nostrils in carnivores and small ruminants?

    <p>Planum nasale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pigs, the area of modified skin surrounding the nostrils fuses with the upper lip to form:

    <p>Planum rostrale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the area of modified skin surrounding the nostrils in oxen?

    <p>Planum nasolabialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area of modified skin surrounding the nostrils in horses is normal skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In horses, the alar fold divides the nostril into which passages?

    <p>Dorsal and ventral passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal passage in horses leads to the nasal cavity proper.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventral passage in a horse leads to a blind pouch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many meatuses are formed due to conchae in the nasal cavity?

    <p>A number of passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meatus is responsible for transmitting air to the caudal part of the nasal cavity, specifically to the olfactory region?

    <p>Dorsal nasal meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle nasal meatus is termed "sinus meatus" due to the paranasal sinuses opening into it.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventral nasal meatus is the smallest meatus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the narrow spaces that are located between nasal conchae?

    <p>Ethmoidal nasal meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ethmoid conchae are always the largest nasal concha.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ethmoid conchae are supported by ethmoturbinates

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maxillary and palatine sinuses open into the ethmoidal meatuses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sinuses open into the ethmoidal meatuses? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Sphenoid sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lacrimal sinus in oxen opens directly into the middle nasal meatus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lacrimal sinus is absent in dogs and horses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal sinus is present in all domestic animals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right and left frontal sinuses are not separated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species does the frontal sinus open into the ethmoidal meatuses?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pigs and oxen, the frontal sinus extends into the parietal, interparietal, occipital, and temporal bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal sinus occupies the cornual process in horned ruminants

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maxillary sinuses in carnivores are categorized as true sinuses due to their structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maxillary sinus in carnivores is divided into rostral and caudal parts

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maxillary sinus in pigs is not divided into rostral and caudal parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the maxillary sinuses communicate with the palatine sinus in ruminants?

    <p>Through the infraorbital canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maxillary sinuses in ruminants are not divided into rostral and caudal parts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The caudal maxillary sinus in horses is divided into large ventrolateral part and small dorsomedial part.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both the rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses of horses open into the middle nasal meatus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Palatine sinuses are present in carnivores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatine sinuses in ruminants have an incomplete bony roof.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatine sinus in ruminants opens into the middle nasal meatus through the ethmoidal meatuses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatine sinus in horses opens rostrally into the caudal maxillary sinus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatine sinuses in horses opens caudally into the ethmoidal meatuses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lacrimal sinus in pigs is not connected to the frontal sinus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in horses is relatively large.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus is absent in dogs and small ruminants

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in pigs is relatively small

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in pigs and oxen opens into the middle nasal meatus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in horses opens into the ethmoidal meatuses

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in horses is not related to the optic nerve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sphenoid sinus in horses can affect vision if inflamed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system has four main functions: gas exchange, improving and regulating air, olfaction, and voice production.
    • The respiratory system is composed of three main parts: the air conducting part, the respiratory part, and the pumping apparatus.
    • The air conducting part includes the nose (nostrils and nasal cavity), nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea, as well as the conducting portion of the bronchial tree.
    • The respiratory part includes the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree and alveoli.
    • The pumping apparatus includes the two pleural sacs, the skeleton and muscles of the thorax, and the diaphragm.

    Nose

    • The nose in domestic animals typically does not project as far from the face as in humans, but in dogs and pigs, it protrudes more.
    • The nostrils are two openings at the apex of the nose that lead to the nasal cavity.
    • The nasal septum is a partition between the nostrils, dividing the nasal cavity into right and left halves. Its rostral portion is cartilaginous, while the caudal portion is osseous.
    • The nasal wall consists of skin externally, a supporting layer (cartilage rostrally, bone caudally), and mucous membrane internally.
    • The bones supporting the nose include nasal, maxilla, incisive, frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, and the prependicular part of the palatine bone.

    Nasal Cartilages

    • The most rostral part of the nasal cavity and nostrils are supported by cartilages.
    • These include the dorsal and ventral lateral nasal cartilages.
    • In carnivores, pigs, and ruminants, the two cartilages come together laterally to the nostril.
    • In horses, the dorsal cartilage does not project far laterally, and the ventral cartilage may be absent.
    • Other cartilages include lateral accessory, medial accessory, and alar cartilages.

    Nostrils

    • Nostrils are the external openings of the nasal cavity.
    • They have dorsal and ventral commissures, and medial and lateral borders.
    • Nostril shape, size, and position vary among domestic animals.
    • The area surrounding the nostrils is comprised of modified skin that differs based on the species.

    Nasal Cavity

    • The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into right and left halves.
    • It opens externally via the nostrils (rostral nares) and communicates caudoventrally with the nasopharynx via the choanae (caudal nares).
    • It also communicates with paranasal sinuses.
    • The nasal cavity has three regions: the nasal vestibule (rostral part), the nasal cavity proper (middle and largest part), and the nasal fundus (caudal).
    • The nasal cavity is lined with mucosal tissue, with the rostral section containing a cutaneous membrane, and the caudal section containing olfactory mucosa.

    Nasal Meatuses

    • Nasal meatuses are passages formed by nasal conchae, dividing the nasal cavity into smaller sections.
    • Types include: dorsal nasal meatuses, middle nasal meatuses, ventral nasal meatuses, and common nasal meatuses.
    • Each meatus varies by species; location and function differ based on specific functions (olfactory or respiratory) and species.
    • These meatuses are critical for regulating airflow, distributing air, conditioning air (temperature and humidity), and providing additional surface area for mucous membrane.

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • These are air-filled spaces in the skull, lying between external and internal bone laminae.
    • They are lined with respiratory mucosa and communicate with the nasal cavity, varying in number, size, and shape based on species.
    • Functions include protecting the orbits and cranial cavities, enlarging the skull for muscle attachment, increasing resonance of sound, and lightening the skull.
    • Types include frontal, maxillary, palatine, sphenoid, and lacrimal sinuses.

    Maxillary Sinus

    • It exists in all domestic animals and opens to the middle nasal meatus through the nasomaxillary aperture
    • Carnivores: Its anatomical structure deviates from true sinuses because it does not lie between the internal and external bone sheets; it's called a maxillary recess.
    • Pigs and cattle: Maxillary sinus's shape and position vary significantly; it has distinct rostral and caudal parts; both open to the middle nasal meatus through a wide nasomaxillary opening.
    • Ruminants: The sinuses communicate with the palatine sinus across the infraorbital canal
    • Horses: maxillary sinus has a rostral and caudal component separated by a septum; the caudal part connects with the sphenopalatine sinus; the rostral part communicates via a connection to the middle nasal meatus

    Sphenoid Sinus

    • This generally small sinus is absent (or non-existent) in most domestic mammals, including dogs and small ruminants. However, it is larger in pigs.
    • Its location and position influence its potential for affecting vision since it is near the optic nerve.

    Palatine Sinus

    • The palatine sinus is present in ruminants but not in carnivores or pigs.
    • Its structure contains an incomplete bony roof and is separated from the nasal cavity by a layer of mucosa.
    • In horses, it communicates across the infraorbital canal with the maxillary sinus
    • The equine sinus communicates through a passage to the caudal maxillary sinus.

    Lacrimal Sinus

    • The lacrimal sinus is typically absent in carnivores and horses
    • Its function involves connecting the structures of the lacrimal and zygomatic structure with the middle nasal meatus
    • Pigs and small ruminants: the lacrimal sinus typically communicates with the ethmoid meatuses.
    • In cattle (oxen): The lacrimal sinus communicates with the middle nasal meatus through the maxillary sinus.

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