Respiratory System Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary function of the thoracic cage?

  • Facilitating digestion
  • Producing blood cells
  • Protecting the organs like heart and lungs (correct)
  • Storing energy

Which type of rib is directly attached to the sternum?

  • True ribs (correct)
  • Atypical ribs
  • False ribs
  • Floating ribs

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?

  • Rectus abdominis
  • Pectoralis major
  • Internal intercostals
  • External intercostals (correct)

What are the last two pairs of ribs called?

<p>Floating ribs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum is located at the top?

<p>Manubrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface area available for gas exchange when lung diseases like emphysema occur?

<p>It reduces dramatically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?

<p>Depressing the ribs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thoracic vertebrae articulates with the ribs?

<p>Transverse process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pulse oximetry in respiratory assessment?

<p>To assess blood oxygen saturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tracheal diameter of an infant compare to that of an adult?

<p>Infants have a significantly smaller tracheal diameter than adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of aging on lung function?

<p>Decreased respiratory muscle strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases airway resistance in infants?

<p>Smaller tracheal diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the development of alveoli in children?

<p>The number of alveoli increases significantly by age 8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of the adult human body is comprised of water?

<p>70% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of water in the human body?

<p>To provide structural integrity to cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fluid balance is correct?

<p>Fluid balance is critical for all cellular operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the pleura directly envelops the lungs?

<p>Visceral pleura (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during inspiration?

<p>Pulls the central tendon downwards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's Law, how does a decrease in volume affect pressure within the thoracic cavity?

<p>It causes an increase in pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method to evaluate the amount of air in the lungs?

<p>Spirometry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During expiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?

<p>It increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thoracic cavity is primarily responsible for increasing the vertical diameter during inspiration?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement does a peak flow test assess?

<p>Speed of air expelled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pleural fluid?

<p>Lubricates surfaces to prevent friction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Visceral pleura

The membrane that covers the lungs.

Parietal pleura

The membrane lining the chest cavity.

Pleural fluid

Fluid in the pleural cavity that reduces friction during breathing.

Boyle's Law

Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related.

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Inspiration

Breathing in.

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Expiration

Breathing out.

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Spirometry

A test to measure breathing function.

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Tidal Volume

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

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Pulse oximetry

A quick, non-invasive method to measure blood oxygen saturation by shining light through tissue.

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Respiratory rate variations

Increases in respiratory rate above normal levels, a sign of potential health decline.

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Infant's airway resistance

Higher airway resistance in infants (15 times that of adults) due to smaller trachea.

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Infant lung development

Infant lungs have fewer alveoli (25 million) than adults (300 million), making them more vulnerable.

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Quality of breathing

Symmetrical chest movement and diaphragm/intercostal muscle function is important.

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Adult lung maturity

Lungs mature between ages 20-25 then, their function declines.

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Aging and lung function

Reduced lung compliance (difficulty expanding), decreased muscle strength affecting cough for drainage, increased alveolar dead space (oxygen affected).

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Body water percentage

Adult human body is about 70% water, mostly within cells.

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Respiratory membrane thickness

The thickness of the membrane across which gases are exchanged in the lungs.

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Surface area of respiratory membrane

The total area available for gas exchange in the lungs.

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Thoracic cage function

Protective enclosure for the heart, lungs, and other organs. Provides skeletal support and attachment sites for muscles.

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Sternum structure

The breastbone, composed of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

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Rib classifications

Ribs are categorized as true, false, and floating based on their anterior attachments.

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Intercostal muscles function

Muscles between the ribs that are involved in breathing.

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Typical Rib structure

Ribs 2-10 have a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft, along with a costal groove. Head connects with vertebrae, tubercle connects with transverse process.

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Atypical rib structure

Ribs 1, 11, and 12 have unique characteristics compared to other ribs.

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REBT Model

A model by Albert Ellis that explains how our beliefs (B) about activating events (A) influence our emotional consequences (C).

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Core Beliefs in REBT

Three fundamental beliefs: 'I must be perfect', 'Others must treat me well', and 'Life must be easy.' These beliefs often lead to emotional distress.

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Changing Beliefs in REBT

REBT emphasizes identifying and challenging irrational beliefs. By changing our beliefs, we can alter our emotional responses.

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Disputation in REBT

A key technique where the therapist helps the client question and challenge their irrational beliefs through logical analysis and role-playing.

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Homework in REBT

Practicing new behaviors and coping skills outside of therapy sessions to reinforce the changes made in therapy.

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

This theory suggests that physiological responses (like heart rate and breathing) to stimuli precede and cause emotions. For instance, we feel afraid because we tremble or flee.

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Lazarus' Transactional Model of Stress

This model emphasizes the role of appraisal in how we experience stress. We evaluate a situation as threatening, challenging, or benign, which influences our emotional response.

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Cognitive Theory of Emotions

This theory emphasizes the role of thoughts and beliefs in shaping our emotions. Our interpretation of events influences our feelings.

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Attachment Strategies

The ways infants and children seek security and comfort from caregivers. They develop based on early interactions - like avoiding, resisting, or clinging.

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Insecure Attachment & Psychopathology

Individuals with insecure attachment (learned from early experiences) may struggle with mental health issues. This could be due to the lack of safety and security they felt as children.

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Consistency in Caregiving

Providing reliable, attentive, and responsive care is crucial for secure attachment. This means meeting a child's needs consistently, offering empathy and support.

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Preoccupied Attachment & Abuse

Individuals with preoccupied attachment styles crave connection and may become demanding and potentially aggressive when their needs for love and support aren't met. This makes them vulnerable to relationship abuse.

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Development: Nature & Nurture

Human growth and change involve complex interactions between biology (nature) and our experiences (nurture), shaping our physical, mental, and social abilities.

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Intrinsic Motivation

The drive to engage in an activity for its own sake, without external rewards or pressures.

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Extrinsic Motivation

The drive to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, such as money, praise, or avoiding punishment.

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Social Cognitive Theory

A learning theory that proposes that people learn by observing others, mimicking their behaviors, and considering the consequences of those actions.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing the behaviors of others, particularly those who are role models.

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Agency

The capacity of individuals to exert control over their own actions and choices.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Functions

  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): Air moves in and out of the lungs.
  • Air is filtered, and water/heat are secreted by the respiratory tract.
  • Pulmonary gas exchange: Gases exchange across plasma membranes in two types of pulmonary gas exchange: between air and blood (external) and between blood and tissues (internal).
  • Regulation of blood pH: Adjusts carbon dioxide levels in blood.
  • Production of chemical mediators (enzymes): Regulate blood pressure.
  • Voice production: Air moves past vocal cords creating sounds.
  • Olfaction (smell): Airborne particles enter nasal cavity.
  • Protection: Against microorganisms.

Oxygen Delivery

  • Oxygen delivery = cardiac output x arterial oxygen content
  • Four processes are needed to carry out respiratory functions:
    • Breathing
    • External respiration (gas exchange at lungs & tissues)
    • Transportation of oxygen & carbon dioxide
    • Internal respiration (gas exchange at tissues)
  • Oxygen is needed to produce ATP.
  • Low oxygen or blood flow can result in cell death, especially brain cells.
  • Without ATP, nerve cells swell and burst. 90% of ATP is lost in less than 5 minutes.

Breathing

  • Boyle's Law: Decreasing volume increases pressure, and increasing volume decreases pressure, in the lungs.
  • Inspiration: The diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume, which reduces intra-pleural pressure decreasing pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush in.
  • Expiration: The diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume, which increases intra-pleural pressure, increasing pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush out.
  • The respiratory system modifies through sensory information.
  • Chemoreceptors: Function based on concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pH).

Gas exchange

  • Pulmonary ventilation: Air moves between atmosphere and alveoli due to pressure differences.
  • External respiration (Pulmonary Exchange): Gas exchange in lungs happens due to pressure gradient
  • Internal respiration (Tissue Exchange): Gas exchange in tissues occurs due to pressure gradient.

Pulmonary Circulation

  • Pulmonary circulation flow rate equals systemic circulation flow rate.
  • Pulmonary vascular resistance is low.
  • Blood flow to the lungs is regulated by autoregulation, matching ventilation with perfusion.

Gas Exchange Enhancement

  • Large surface area in alveoli (35 times the body's surface) increases gas exchange.
  • Thin alveolar and capillary walls (less than 1 micrometer) shorten the diffusion distance for gas.
  • Ventilation-perfusion matching (V/P ratio) ensures matching of air flow and blood flow to lungs.

Thoracic Cage

  • Composed of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly.
  • Functions:
    • Protection: Of organs like heart, lungs, blood vessels.
    • Support: For upper limbs.
    • Attachment: For neck, back, chest, and shoulders.
    • Lifting thorax during breathing.

Pleura

  • Visceral pleura adheres to the lung surface.
  • Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
  • Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid, reducing friction during breathing.

Acid-Base Imbalances

  • Acidosis: Below 7.35 pH, caused by CO2 accumulation in the body. Compensated by chemoreceptors, changing respiratory rate.
  • Alkalosis: Above 7.45 pH, caused by reduction of CO2 in the body. Compensated by slowing respiratory rate.
  • Buffers: Temporarily prevent drastic pH changes by converting strong acids to weak acids.

Fluid Balance

  • Water intake = Water loss
  • Primary fluid sources = Food and beverages.
  • Fluid output routes: Kidneys (61%), evaporation (35%), feces (4%).
  • Mechanisms controlling thirst: Osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, dryness of mouth, distension of stomach.
  • Hormonal regulation: (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic hormone, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various functions of the respiratory system, including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and vocalization. This quiz will cover key concepts related to oxygen delivery and other essential respiratory processes.

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