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Questions and Answers
What is one primary function of the thoracic cage?
What is one primary function of the thoracic cage?
Which type of rib is directly attached to the sternum?
Which type of rib is directly attached to the sternum?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inspiration?
What are the last two pairs of ribs called?
What are the last two pairs of ribs called?
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Which part of the sternum is located at the top?
Which part of the sternum is located at the top?
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What happens to the surface area available for gas exchange when lung diseases like emphysema occur?
What happens to the surface area available for gas exchange when lung diseases like emphysema occur?
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What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles during respiration?
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Which part of the thoracic vertebrae articulates with the ribs?
Which part of the thoracic vertebrae articulates with the ribs?
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What is the primary purpose of pulse oximetry in respiratory assessment?
What is the primary purpose of pulse oximetry in respiratory assessment?
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How does the tracheal diameter of an infant compare to that of an adult?
How does the tracheal diameter of an infant compare to that of an adult?
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What is a significant effect of aging on lung function?
What is a significant effect of aging on lung function?
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What factor increases airway resistance in infants?
What factor increases airway resistance in infants?
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Which statement is true regarding the development of alveoli in children?
Which statement is true regarding the development of alveoli in children?
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What proportion of the adult human body is comprised of water?
What proportion of the adult human body is comprised of water?
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What is a primary function of water in the human body?
What is a primary function of water in the human body?
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Which of the following statements about fluid balance is correct?
Which of the following statements about fluid balance is correct?
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Which component of the pleura directly envelops the lungs?
Which component of the pleura directly envelops the lungs?
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What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during inspiration?
What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during inspiration?
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According to Boyle's Law, how does a decrease in volume affect pressure within the thoracic cavity?
According to Boyle's Law, how does a decrease in volume affect pressure within the thoracic cavity?
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Which of the following is a method to evaluate the amount of air in the lungs?
Which of the following is a method to evaluate the amount of air in the lungs?
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During expiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?
During expiration, what happens to the intrapulmonary pressure?
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Which part of the thoracic cavity is primarily responsible for increasing the vertical diameter during inspiration?
Which part of the thoracic cavity is primarily responsible for increasing the vertical diameter during inspiration?
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What measurement does a peak flow test assess?
What measurement does a peak flow test assess?
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What is the primary function of pleural fluid?
What is the primary function of pleural fluid?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Functions
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): Air moves in and out of the lungs.
- Air is filtered, and water/heat are secreted by the respiratory tract.
- Pulmonary gas exchange: Gases exchange across plasma membranes in two types of pulmonary gas exchange: between air and blood (external) and between blood and tissues (internal).
- Regulation of blood pH: Adjusts carbon dioxide levels in blood.
- Production of chemical mediators (enzymes): Regulate blood pressure.
- Voice production: Air moves past vocal cords creating sounds.
- Olfaction (smell): Airborne particles enter nasal cavity.
- Protection: Against microorganisms.
Oxygen Delivery
- Oxygen delivery = cardiac output x arterial oxygen content
- Four processes are needed to carry out respiratory functions:
- Breathing
- External respiration (gas exchange at lungs & tissues)
- Transportation of oxygen & carbon dioxide
- Internal respiration (gas exchange at tissues)
- Oxygen is needed to produce ATP.
- Low oxygen or blood flow can result in cell death, especially brain cells.
- Without ATP, nerve cells swell and burst. 90% of ATP is lost in less than 5 minutes.
Breathing
- Boyle's Law: Decreasing volume increases pressure, and increasing volume decreases pressure, in the lungs.
- Inspiration: The diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume, which reduces intra-pleural pressure decreasing pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush in.
- Expiration: The diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume, which increases intra-pleural pressure, increasing pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush out.
- The respiratory system modifies through sensory information.
- Chemoreceptors: Function based on concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide (pH).
Gas exchange
- Pulmonary ventilation: Air moves between atmosphere and alveoli due to pressure differences.
- External respiration (Pulmonary Exchange): Gas exchange in lungs happens due to pressure gradient
- Internal respiration (Tissue Exchange): Gas exchange in tissues occurs due to pressure gradient.
Pulmonary Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation flow rate equals systemic circulation flow rate.
- Pulmonary vascular resistance is low.
- Blood flow to the lungs is regulated by autoregulation, matching ventilation with perfusion.
Gas Exchange Enhancement
- Large surface area in alveoli (35 times the body's surface) increases gas exchange.
- Thin alveolar and capillary walls (less than 1 micrometer) shorten the diffusion distance for gas.
- Ventilation-perfusion matching (V/P ratio) ensures matching of air flow and blood flow to lungs.
Thoracic Cage
- Composed of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly.
- Functions:
- Protection: Of organs like heart, lungs, blood vessels.
- Support: For upper limbs.
- Attachment: For neck, back, chest, and shoulders.
- Lifting thorax during breathing.
Pleura
- Visceral pleura adheres to the lung surface.
- Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
- Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid, reducing friction during breathing.
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Acidosis: Below 7.35 pH, caused by CO2 accumulation in the body. Compensated by chemoreceptors, changing respiratory rate.
- Alkalosis: Above 7.45 pH, caused by reduction of CO2 in the body. Compensated by slowing respiratory rate.
- Buffers: Temporarily prevent drastic pH changes by converting strong acids to weak acids.
Fluid Balance
- Water intake = Water loss
- Primary fluid sources = Food and beverages.
- Fluid output routes: Kidneys (61%), evaporation (35%), feces (4%).
- Mechanisms controlling thirst: Osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, dryness of mouth, distension of stomach.
- Hormonal regulation: (Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic hormone, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various functions of the respiratory system, including pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and vocalization. This quiz will cover key concepts related to oxygen delivery and other essential respiratory processes.
