Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

Where does external respiration occur?

  • Lungs (correct)
  • Liver
  • Brain
  • Kidneys

What is transported into an animal's lungs during external respiration?

  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Nitrogen

What process happens all over the body?

  • Internal respiration (correct)
  • External respiration
  • Digestion
  • Filtration

Which of the following is part of the respiratory system?

<p>Bronchi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system connects the nasal cavity to the larynx?

<p>Pharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachea?

<p>Transporting air to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs called?

<p>Alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that connects the terminal bronchiole to the alveolus?

<p>Alveolar duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

<p>Gaseous exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is referred to as the upper respiratory tract?

<p>From the nose to the larynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the trachea connect to in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>Bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cartilage as the bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles?

<p>It becomes sparser and disappears (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective term for the branching of the bronchi within the lungs?

<p>Bronchial tree (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lower respiratory tract extends from the trachea to which structures?

<p>The alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What creates a vacuum-like effect in the thorax?

<p>Negative pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle flattens to increase space in the thoracic cavity during inhalation?

<p>Diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signals when the lungs are full, preventing over-inflation?

<p>Herring-Breuer reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels contain chemical receptors that monitor pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels?

<p>Carotid arteries and aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain alters the respiratory rate based on chemical receptor signals?

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced as a byproduct when an animal cannot obtain oxygen effectively?

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is the body trying to correct when it increases the respiratory rate to expel carbon dioxide?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an animal is unable to obtain oxygen effectively, what happens to the ADP?

<p>It is still converted to ATP, but lactic acid is produced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

<p>To use glucose, oxygen, and ADP to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is used as a fuel by mitochondria during cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is oxygen essential for aerobic organisms?

<p>It is required for cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells when they don't have oxygen?

<p>They begin to die within minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the respiratory center do if oxygen levels drop in the body?

<p>Increases the rate and depth of respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a patient's oxygen levels remain critically low?

<p>The respiratory center becomes depressed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a reduction in the respiratory rate?

<p>An increase in carbon dioxide levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical respiratory rate for a dog?

<p>10-30 breaths per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential unwanted side effect of an animal breathing 100% oxygen?

<p>Depressed respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which has a greater impact on an animal's respiratory drive?

<p>Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of oxygen on the respiratory tract?

<p>Drying effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to humidify long-term oxygen supplementation?

<p>A water canister filled with sterile saline or water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when using oxygen tents or kennels?

<p>Regulary monitoring the temperature inside the tent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the preferable time to assess respiration in veterinary patients?

<p>While the patient is settled in its kennel or crate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of oxygen delivery is generally preferred?

<p>The least stressful method for the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial consideration when handling patients with respiratory compromise?

<p>Minimizing stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to a circle circuit before delivering oxygen?

<p>It should be flushed to remove any residual volatile agent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the APL valve?

<p>Limits pressure in the breathing circuit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach when handling a patient with respiratory issues?

<p>A slow and steady approach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might a patient in respiratory distress NOT do normally?

<p>Eat and drink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical sign might indicate respiratory distress in a patient?

<p>Neck extended and elbows out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a well-fitting mask for oxygen delivery?

<p>To ensure effective oxygen delivery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a mask causes excessive stress, what is a better alternative for providing oxygen?

<p>Steady flow-by oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reliable indicator of true respiratory rate?

<p>Panting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract

The part of the respiratory system from the nose to the larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The part of the respiratory system from the trachea to the alveoli.

Larynx

The organ connecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Trachea

The tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi.

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Bronchi

Divisions of the trachea that enter the lungs.

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Bronchioles

Smaller divisions of the bronchi within the lung lobes.

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Bronchial Tree

The branching structure of bronchi and bronchioles carrying air throughout the lungs.

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Alveoli

Vascularized air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

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External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the air and blood within the lungs.

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Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissues throughout the body.

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Veterinary Respiration

The process of transporting oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of an animal's lungs.

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Respiratory System Components

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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Nasopharynx

The upper part of the throat behind the nose.

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Frontal Sinus

An air-filled cavity within the frontal bone of the skull.

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Nasal Cavity

The air passage from the nostrils to the pharynx.

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Negative Thoracic Pressure

Pressure in the thorax that is lower than atmospheric pressure, creating a vacuum effect.

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Diaphragm's Role in Breathing

A dome-shaped muscle that contracts and flattens to increase space in the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

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Intercostal Muscles Function

Muscles between the ribs that contract to pull the ribs up and forwards, drawing air into the lungs.

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Herring-Breuer Reflex

A reflex that signals when the lungs are full, preventing over-inflation.

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Chemical Receptors in Respiration

Located in the carotid arteries and aorta, they monitor blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels.

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Medulla's Role in Breathing

The brain region that alters respiratory rate and depth in response to pH, O2, and CO2 changes.

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Lactate and Poor Perfusion

Lactic acid production due to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is insufficient.

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Respiratory Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where increased respiratory rate aims to expel excess carbon dioxide and raise blood pH.

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Cellular Respiration

The process where cells use glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule used for energy that powers many essential cell processes which cannot happen without oxygen.

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Medulla's Role in Respiration

Monitors carbon dioxide levels; if CO2 decreases, respiration slows to retain CO2.

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ETCO2 During Weaning

A monitoring parameter that encourages the patient to start breathing for themselves when weaning off ventilation.

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Ventilator takeover

Setting a ventilation rate slightly higher than normal reduces a patient's urge to breathe and it allows the ventilator to takeover.

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Body's Response to Low Oxygen

Increases rate and depth of respiration.

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Hypoxia's Effect on Respiratory Center

If the patient becomes hypoxic, the respiratory center can become depressed and unable to effectively signal that more oxygen is needed.

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Chemoreceptor Function

Detects change in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, which trigger changes in the respiratory rate.

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Handling Respiratory Patients

Use a consistent and unhurried approach when handling patients with respiratory issues to prevent increased respiratory rate.

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Flushing Circle Circuits

After using a circle circuit, flush the system to remove any remaining volatile anesthetic agent.

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APL Valve Function

The Adjustable Pressure Limiting valve lets us control pressure in the breathing circuit

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APL Valve During Ventilation

The APL valve should be closed during manual ventilation with a reservoir bag to allow the pressure to build and inflate the lungs.

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Signs of Respiratory Distress

Extended neck, elbows out, mouth breathing and abdominal effort.

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Eating/Drinking and Respiratory Distress

The patient may avoid food and water due to breathing difficulties.

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Oxygen Mask Fit

Use a properly fitted mask for oxygen delivery.

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Alternative to Mask Oxygen

If a mask causes excessive stress, use flow-by oxygen.

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Oxygen's effect on respiration

Breathing 100% oxygen can depress respiration, as chemoreceptors become less sensitive, potentially inhibiting breathing.

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Respiratory drive factors

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations have a greater impact on respiratory drive than the requirement for oxygen.

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Oxygen delivery methods

Methods include flow-by oxygen, nasal cannulas, face masks, oxygen collars, tents/kennels, and intubation. Choose the least stressful method.

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Humidifying oxygen

Longer-term oxygen supplementation should be humidified using a water canister with sterile saline or water.

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Oxygen Tents/Kennels

In small animals, oxygen tents or kennels can help minimize stress during oxygen therapy.

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Oxygen tent/kennel considerations

Every time an oxygen tent or kennel is opened, oxygen disperses into the room, lowering the concentration inside.

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Temperature control in O2 tents

If the unit is not temperature controlled, regularly monitor the temperature inside with a room thermometer and use ice packs to cool it, as necessary.

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Respiratory assessment

Assess respiratory rate, depth, and effort as part of routine observations, ideally before handling.

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Study Notes

  • Respiration involves both external and internal processes
  • External respiration involves gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs
  • Internal respiration involves gas exchange between blood and tissues throughout the body

Anatomy of the Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system is composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
  • The upper respiratory tract spans from the nose to the larynx
  • The lower respiratory tract spans from the trachea to the alveoli
  • The nose is divided into chambers with nasal turbinates lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, which warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
  • The pharynx, or throat, connects the nose, mouth, eustachian tubes, esophagus, and larynx.
  • Caudally, the pharynx divides into the esophagus and the larynx ventrally
  • The larynx is a rigid structure of cartilage that forms the entrance to the lower respiratory tract
  • The opening to the larynx is the epiglottis, which is depressed during intubation
  • The larynx also functions as the voice box
  • The trachea is made of incomplete C-shaped cartilage rings connected by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle and is lined with ciliated epithelium
  • The trachea enters the thorax and divides into the left and right bronchi

Bronchial Tree

  • The bronchi divide into bronchioles, ultimately reaching the terminal bronchiole and forming the bronchial tree
  • As the bronchi divide, cartilage decreases and eventually disappears

Alveoli

  • Alveolar ducts are located at the end of each terminal bronchiole
  • Alveoli are vascularized air sacs where gas exchange occurs through diffusion
  • Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli for exhalation

Lungs

  • The lungs are spongy organs in the thorax on either side of the mediastinum and connect to the trachea via the bronchi
  • The right lung has four lobes: cranial, middle, accessory, and caudal
  • The left lung has three lobes: cranial, middle, and caudal
  • Fissures divide the lobes to increase surface area, maximize gas exchange, and isolate problem areas if necessary
  • Each lobe has its own arterial and venous supply
  • Pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries near the alveoli
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via capillaries to the pulmonary veins

Pleural Lining and Alveolar Surfactant

  • The lungs are covered by the pleural lining to reduce friction
  • Each alveolus is lined with a surfactant to prevent collapse during air movement

Breathing Mechanics

  • Pressure in the thorax is negative compared to atmospheric pressure
  • Inhalation is achieved by the movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which expands the thoracic cavity and draws air into the lungs
  • Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, compressing the lungs and pushing air out
  • The Herring-Breuer reflex signals when the lungs are full to prevent over-inflation

Cellular Respiration

  • Mitochondria use glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
  • ATP is required for essential cellular processes
  • The body maintains a narrow range for carbon dioxide levels (pH 7.4)
  • Monitoring end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) helps maintain correct body pH during anaesthesia and assessment of blood gasses

Control of Respiration

  • Respiratory centres in the medulla oblongata control automatic and conscious respiration
  • Mechanical stretch receptors set the volume of inflation and deflation in the lungs
  • Chemical receptors in the carotid arteries and aorta monitor pH and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to adjust respiratory rate and depth
  • If animals cannot obtain oxygen, ADP converts to ATP and lactic acid is produced as a by-product
  • The medulla oblongata speeds up the repiratory rate to expel carbon dioxide during metabolic acidosis
  • ETCO₂ levels are adjusted during ventilation weaning and initiation

Respiratory distress

  • The body increases respiratory rate and depth should oxygen levels drop
  • An increase in resiratory rate will trigger a reduction in respiratory rate by chemorecepters
  • Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations impact respiratory drive more than oxygen requirements

Nursing Considerations

  • Respiratory rate, depth, and effort require assessment and observation
  • Monitor respiration before attempting any nursing care
  • Minimize stress when handling compromised patients to prevent potentially fatal decompensation

Respiratory Rates

  • Dog: 10-30 breaths per minute (higher in small dogs)
  • Cat: 20-30 breaths per minute
  • Rabbit: 30-60 breaths per minute

Supplemental considerations

  • Methods to deliver oxygen include: flow-by oxygen, cannulas, face masks, collars, tents/kennels and intubation; adopt the least stressful method
  • Drying effects on respiratory tract can results in respiratory infections
  • Use oxygen tents/kennels to reduce stress of patients, but monitor temperatures inside
  • Flush circle circuits to ensure to residual agent is not present or volatile
  • During the use of masks and circuits, APL valves must be managed correctly
  • Steady-flow-by oxygen is better for patientes that masks causes stress

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Respiratory System in Veterinary Nursing: PDF Overview

Description

Explore the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. Understand external respiration, the roles of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. Learn about the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

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