Drugs for the Respiratory System Quiz Game and Flash Cards
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Questions and Answers

What are common side effects associated with oral decongestants?

  • Headache and nervousness (correct)
  • Loss of appetite and fever
  • Skin rashes and hives
  • Drowsiness and nausea

    • What can excessive use of nasal decongestant sprays lead to?

  • Acute allergic reactions
  • Tolerance and rebound congestion (correct)
  • Permanent nasal damage
  • Increased mucus production

    • Which of the following medications should not be taken with sympathomimetics?

  • Antibiotics
  • Beta-blocking eye drops (correct)
  • Antihistamines
  • Antidepressants

    • What should patients with hypertension be cautioned about when using decongestants?

    <p>They may increase blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect when using mucolytics?

    <p>GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a patient taking guaifenesin, which instruction is essential for enhancing its therapeutic effect?

    <p>Take with one full glass of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should mucolytics not be given to children under certain ages?

    <p>Potential for overdosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be monitored for when taking mucolytics?

    <p>Effectiveness in thinning secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from overdosing on a mucolytic like guaifenesin?

    <p>Formation of kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of corticosteroids in the lungs?

    <p>Decrease inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the first-line antitubercular drugs?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing intervention is important for patients prescribed oral decongestants?

    <p>Check resting heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What duration is the initial phase of first-line drug therapy for tuberculosis?

    <p>8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug used for tuberculosis can potentially deplete vitamin B6 from the body?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of rifampin?

    <p>Reddish-orange staining of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of therapy for tuberculosis to adequately control the disease?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug interactions should patients on isoniazid be advised about?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethambutol affects the tuberculosis bacterium by inhibiting what process?

    <p>RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyrazinamide is particularly effective in what environment within the body?

    <p>Acidic environments within macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be instructed to do regarding their diet when taking isoniazid?

    <p>Take the drug on an empty stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the combination therapy used for treating tuberculosis?

    <p>Control TB organisms quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken to avoid the risk of uric acid precipitation while on pyrazinamide?

    <p>Increase fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in patient education regarding bronchodilator use?

    <p>Contact your healthcare provider if you experience chest pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the bronchodilator be used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm?

    <p>15 to 30 minutes before exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects should prompt a patient to contact their healthcare provider?

    <p>Chest pain or rapid heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consideration is important when assessing a patient with asthma for medication needs?

    <p>Check for a history of liver disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common cardiovascular side effects associated with overuse of short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs)?

    <p>Increased heart rate and chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason traditional antihistamines should not be taken before driving?

    <p>They may induce drowsiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a commonly reported side effect of leukotriene inhibitors?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Prevent inflammation in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bronchodilators are classified as long-acting beta2-agonists?

    <p>Salmeterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should leukotriene inhibitors not be started during an acute asthma attack?

    <p>They do not provide immediate relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do if their bronchodilator isn't helping with their breathing problems?

    <p>Contact their healthcare provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action do mast cell stabilizers perform in relation to allergic reactions?

    <p>They prevent mast cells from releasing inflammatory mediators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do after using a nebulizer to minimize side effects?

    <p>Rinse their mouth and gargle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do activated beta1-adrenergic receptors have on the body?

    <p>Increase heart rate and force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about decongestants is accurate?

    <p>They shrink blood vessels in the nasal passages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect should a patient be informed about regarding the use of mast cell stabilizers?

    <p>Burning sensation in the nasal lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient do after using their inhaler to decrease side effects?

    <p>Rinse their mouth with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance should inhaled corticosteroids not be used?

    <p>To manage asthma during an acute attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction should be monitored when a patient is prescribed montelukast?

    <p>Interactions with liver metabolism stimulants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is considered a xanthine-based bronchodilator?

    <p>Theophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main counseling points regarding the use of SABAs?

    <p>Patients should have them accessible at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method of administering mast cell stabilizers?

    <p>Inhaled medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could occur from overusing bronchodilators?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect reported for leukotriene inhibitors?

    <p>Diarrhea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important not to suddenly stop taking leukotriene inhibitors?

    <p>They need time to be effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can traditional antihistamines generally be safely taken?

    <p>No more than 2 days if symptoms persist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when a patient is using codeine-containing antitussives?

    <p>Frequency of bowel movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs)?

    <p>They are used as rescue medications during acute symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using opioid antitussives with other CNS depressants?

    <p>Enhanced drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dextromethorphan suppresses the cough reflex primarily by which mechanism?

    <p>Acting directly on the cough center in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the action of bronchodilators?

    <p>They relax airway smooth muscles for expanded airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a common side effect associated with all types of bronchodilators?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group is the use of some antitussives explicitly cautioned against due to overdose risks?

    <p>Children younger than 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended nursing implication when administering opioid antitussives?

    <p>Advise the patient to remain hydrated and monitor for constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with the use of bronchodilators in patients with heart conditions?

    <p>Increased heart rate and potential hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is primarily used as rescue medications during an asthma attack?

    <p>Short-acting beta2-agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of antihistamines in the body?

    <p>They stop histamines from attaching to receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antihistamines are known to cause sedation due to crossing the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>First-generation antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of antihistamines related to anticholinergic properties?

    <p>Urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for using antihistamines?

    <p>Thyroid disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is expected for most antihistamines?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do if skin reactions occur while taking antihistamines?

    <p>Report the reaction to a healthcare provider.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do second-generation antihistamines have compared to first-generation antihistamines?

    <p>They do not cause significant sedation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction should be considered when taking antihistamines with other medications?

    <p>They enhance sedative effects of CNS depressants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antihistamines is an example of a first-generation antihistamine?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population are the anticholinergic effects of antihistamines often more pronounced?

    <p>Older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur in children or some older adults as a paradoxical reaction to antihistamines?

    <p>Hyperexcitability and agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect should patients be cautious of when taking antihistamines related to alertness?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might a patient need to switch antihistamines?

    <p>If they develop tolerance to the medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should antihistamines generally be taken to minimize stomach upset?

    <p>With meals or milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic action of the drug discussed in the content regarding tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>It is bacteriostatic and slow acting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important dietary instruction for patients taking the tuberculosis drug?

    <p>Consume with food to avoid stomach irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom should patients report immediately to their healthcare provider while taking the drug?

    <p>Changes in vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients avoid alcohol when taking the tuberculosis drug?

    <p>It induces severe nausea and vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored periodically during the treatment with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Nephrotoxic and ototoxic side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of taking rifampin?

    <p>Reddish-orange urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test should be performed before and during treatment with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Complete blood count (CBC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to take rifampin and isoniazid in relation to meals?

    <p>1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients avoid wearing while taking rifampin?

    <p>Soft contact lenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin supplementation may be necessary for patients on prolonged aminoglycoside treatment?

    <p>Vitamin B6 and B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious effect can high doses of the tuberculosis drug lead to?

    <p>Blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended fluid intake for patients taking the tuberculosis drug?

    <p>At least 8 ounces of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to the Respiratory System Pharmacology

    • The respiratory system comprises airway passages, lungs, nasal cavities, diaphragm, and related muscles.
    • Oxygen supply is crucial for life and is delivered via respiration, maintaining physiological balance.
    • Disruption of the respiratory system can lead to severe health crises.

    Terminal Learning Objective

    • Students will learn to administer respiratory medications for patients with respiratory disorders following a privileged provider's order.

    Antihistamines

    • Action: Block histamine receptors, preventing allergic symptoms and inflammation.
    • Types:
      • First-generation: Sedating, crosses blood-brain barrier (e.g., diphenhydramine).
      • Second-generation: Non-sedating, less effective on nasal congestion (e.g., loratadine).
    • Uses: Treat a variety of allergic reactions, particularly allergic rhinitis.
    • Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, urinary retention, increased heart rate.
    • Adverse Effects: Severe anticholinergic effects, potential eye pressure increases in glaucoma patients.
    • Nursing Implications: Monitor for sedation effects, encourage fluid intake, caution against alcohol, and assess for any severe side effects.

    Leukotriene Inhibitors

    • Action: Block leukotriene production or receptors, reducing allergic and asthma symptoms.
    • Uses: Manage allergic rhinitis and prevent asthma attacks.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhea.
    • Adverse Effects: Possible liver dysfunction with long-term use.
    • Notable Drugs: montelukast (Singulair), zafirlukast (Accolate).
    • Nursing Implications: Used for prevention, not during acute attacks; monitor interactions with liver-stimulating drugs.

    Mast Cell Stabilizers

    • Action: Prevent mast cells from releasing inflammatory mediators.
    • Uses: Effective for nasal allergies and asthma as inhaled drugs.
    • Side Effects: Headaches, unpleasant taste, nasal irritation.
    • Notable Drugs: cromolyn sodium (NasalCrom), nedocromil sodium.
    • Nursing Implications: Consistent use is necessary; inform patients about expected side effects like nasal tingling.

    Decongestants

    • Action: Reduce nasal swelling by constricting blood vessels, easing breathing.
    • Types: Sympathomimetic agents, either nasal sprays or oral medications.
    • Uses: Relieve nasal congestion and pressure.
    • Side Effects: Irritation, insomnia, increased heart rate.
    • Adverse Effects: Risk of cardiac dysrhythmias and rebound congestion if overused.
    • Notable Drugs: oxymetazoline (Afrin), pseudoephedrine (Sudafed).
    • Nursing Implications: Limit use of nasal sprays, monitor vital signs, and caution patients with cardiovascular issues.

    Mucolytics

    • Action: Decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions, facilitating their removal.
    • Uses: Treat symptoms of productive cough and aid in conditions like COPD.
    • Common Side Effects: GI upset, dizziness.
    • Notable Drug: guaifenesin (Mucinex).
    • Nursing Implications: Encourage fluid intake, monitor for adverse reactions, ensure adherence to dosages to minimize side effects.

    Summary of Key Points

    • Teaching and monitoring are crucial in pharmacological management of respiratory conditions.
    • Careful assessment of patient history and potential drug interactions are necessary for safe medication administration.
    • Emphasize the importance of maintaining a routine with medications to manage chronic conditions effectively.### General Health Recommendations
    • Increasing fluid intake is often advised to aid in overall health.

    Antitussives

    • Antitussives work to relieve or suppress coughing through three mechanisms:
      • Centrally on the cough center in the brain
      • Peripherally by anesthetizing stretch receptors in the respiratory tract
      • Locally by soothing irritated throat areas
    • Opioid antitussives suppress the cough reflex directly in the medulla of the brain, while non-opioid types reduce cough at the source.
    • Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, nausea, and postural hypotension.
    • Caution needed for patients with COPD; opioid antitussives are generally avoided.
    • Not recommended for children under 2 years old and specific products not for those under 6 years.
    • Examples include enzonatate (Tessalon Perles, Zonatuss) and dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin).

    Bronchodilators

    • Bronchodilators relax airway smooth muscles, widening airways across various settings such as asthma and COPD.
    • Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs) act rapidly, suitable for rescue during attacks.
    • Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs) provide prolonged team control and are not used for immediate relief.
    • Cholinergic antagonists and older xanthine-based drugs also serve as bronchodilators.
    • Potential side effects include hypertension, tachycardia, headache, and dry mouth.
    • Notable drugs include albuterol (SABA) and salmeterol (LABA).
    • It is important for patients with asthma to have their reliever inhaler accessible at all times.

    Corticosteroids

    • Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory agents, reducing mediators like histamine and leukotriene in airways.
    • Available in various forms: inhaled, oral, IV, topical, and nasal.
    • They are not to be used as rescue drugs and should be taken daily as prescribed.
    • Common side effects: sodium retention, hyperglycemia, weight gain, and reduced immunity.
    • Examples of inhaled corticosteroids include beclomethasone and fluticasone.

    Antitubercular Drugs

    • TB treatment requires a multi-drug regimen as it is slow-growing and standard antibiotics are ineffective.
    • First-line drugs recommended by CDC are isoniazid (INH), rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, typically administered over a minimum of 6 months.
    • Isoniazid works both bactericidal and bacteriostatic; patients are advised to take it on an empty stomach and avoid alcohol.
    • Rifampin stains body fluids reddish-orange and should not be used with certain medications due to interaction risks.
    • Pyrazinamide can worsen gout and photosensitivity; patients are advised to stay hydrated.
    • Ethambutol can cause optic neuritis; patients must report any vision changes immediately.

    Second-Line Parenteral Drug Therapy for Tuberculosis

    • Aminoglycosides weaken bacteria by binding to ribosomes necessary for protein synthesis.
    • Important examples include kanamycin and capreomycin.
    • Regular monitoring of kidney function, along with liver tests, is necessary due to nephrotoxic and ototoxic potential.### Adverse Effects of Tuberculosis Drugs
    • Capreomycin linked to adverse effects in animal studies.
    • Kanamycin shows potential fetal risk based on investigational studies.
    • Risks of using both drugs during pregnancy may be outweighed by the potential benefits.

    Alcohol and TB Treatment

    • Alcohol consumption is prohibited during TB treatment.
    • Liver damage from TB drugs is exacerbated by alcohol intake.

    Adherence to Medication

    • Establish a routine to take anti-TB medications daily.
    • Take medications exactly as prescribed; do not double dose if a dose is missed.
    • Report any new symptoms to a healthcare provider promptly.

    Symptoms to Monitor

    • Monitor for easy bruising, fever, sore throat, unusual bleeding, rashes, mental confusion, headache, tremors, severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, yellowish skin, visual changes, drowsiness, behavior changes, or severe joint pain.

    Medication Management

    • Rifampin causes reddish-orange urine, which is normal and can stain clothing.
    • Do not wear soft contact lenses when taking rifampin, as it can permanently stain them.
    • Avoid other medications without consulting a healthcare provider first.
    • Rifampin and isoniazid should be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals or antacids to ensure maximum absorption.
    • Ethambutol is best taken with food to minimize stomach irritation.

    Importance of Medical Appointments

    • Keep all healthcare appointments and undergo necessary lab tests to monitor progress.

    Student Evaluation and Feedback

    • Evaluation methods include written, oral, simulated exercises, and clinical performance assessments.
    • Feedback is crucial for effective learning and is provided through follow-up lessons and remediation when necessary.

    Case Study: Assessment for Bronchodilator Necessity

    • Consider the pregnancy status and liver disease history of patients with asthma.
    • Baseline vital signs are essential for evaluating patient condition.
    • Assess for history of significant health issues like hyperthyroidism, heart diseases, and allergies.
    • Gather a list of current medications to check for potential interactions with bronchodilators.

    Patient and Family Education on Bronchodilators

    • Emphasize the importance of following prescribed dosing for bronchodilators.
    • Clarify that bronchodilators help with symptoms but do not directly address cough.
    • Warn against overuse to avoid severe side effects.
    • Advise contacting a healthcare provider if symptoms do not improve or worsen.
    • Encourage hydration to help thin mucus and improve drug efficacy.
    • Caution about potential side effects like bronchial irritation and dizziness.
    • Advise on slow position changes to prevent dizziness and recommend using inhalers before exercise to avoid bronchospasm.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential pharmacological information related to drugs for the respiratory system as outlined in multiple nursing textbooks. It includes relevant chapters from 'Foundations and Adult Health Nursing', 'Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology', and 'Introduction to Critical Care Nursing'. Test your knowledge on the drug classifications, mechanisms, and nursing considerations for respiratory health.

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