Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does inspiration require?
What does inspiration require?
Movement of the diaphragm
What happens during expiration?
What happens during expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes
What is respiration?
What is respiration?
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar level
Where is the concentration of oxygen higher?
Where is the concentration of oxygen higher?
Where is the concentration of carbon dioxide higher?
Where is the concentration of carbon dioxide higher?
What is perfusion?
What is perfusion?
What is the ideal pH level of the human body?
What is the ideal pH level of the human body?
What is acidosis?
What is acidosis?
What do the alveoli secrete?
What do the alveoli secrete?
What is the visceral pleura?
What is the visceral pleura?
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
What are two results of obstructive sleep apnea?
What are two results of obstructive sleep apnea?
What are some causes of obstructive sleep apnea?
What are some causes of obstructive sleep apnea?
What can obstructive sleep apnea lead to?
What can obstructive sleep apnea lead to?
What does hypoxia cause the body to release?
What does hypoxia cause the body to release?
What can nocturnal hypoxemia cause?
What can nocturnal hypoxemia cause?
What does CPAP stand for?
What does CPAP stand for?
What is pleural effusion?
What is pleural effusion?
In which lung is pleural effusion most common?
In which lung is pleural effusion most common?
What are some causes of pleural effusion?
What are some causes of pleural effusion?
What are the two types of fluid in pleural effusion?
What are the two types of fluid in pleural effusion?
What are some symptoms of pleural effusion?
What are some symptoms of pleural effusion?
What is transudative fluid usually related to?
What is transudative fluid usually related to?
What is exudative fluid?
What is exudative fluid?
What are patients with pleural effusion at risk for?
What are patients with pleural effusion at risk for?
What are some medications commonly used for pleural effusion?
What are some medications commonly used for pleural effusion?
What is the brand name for piperacillin and tazobactam sodium?
What is the brand name for piperacillin and tazobactam sodium?
What are some potential side effects of Zosyn?
What are some potential side effects of Zosyn?
What type of antibiotic is gentamicin?
What type of antibiotic is gentamicin?
Why must serum levels be monitored for gentamicin?
Why must serum levels be monitored for gentamicin?
What is a common vasodilator used for pleural effusion?
What is a common vasodilator used for pleural effusion?
What is a common diuretic used for pleural effusion?
What is a common diuretic used for pleural effusion?
At what rate should Lasix be administered?
At what rate should Lasix be administered?
What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?
What is the most common cause of PE?
What is the most common cause of PE?
What does a PE do to the body?
What does a PE do to the body?
What is the initial state of the body during a PE?
What is the initial state of the body during a PE?
What does the progression of a PE lead to?
What does the progression of a PE lead to?
What is a D-dimer?
What is a D-dimer?
A patient with a PE will have a positive D-dimer.
A patient with a PE will have a positive D-dimer.
What type of medication is commonly used to treat pulmonary embolism?
What type of medication is commonly used to treat pulmonary embolism?
What are some drugs that interact with anticoagulants?
What are some drugs that interact with anticoagulants?
What is the normal INR value?
What is the normal INR value?
What is the typical INR range for patients on warfarin?
What is the typical INR range for patients on warfarin?
What INR level is considered critical?
What INR level is considered critical?
What labs are used to monitor heparin and warfarin?
What labs are used to monitor heparin and warfarin?
What is the antidote for heparin?
What is the antidote for heparin?
What is the brand name for enoxaparin?
What is the brand name for enoxaparin?
What is the brand name for dalteparin?
What is the brand name for dalteparin?
What are some potential side effects of anticoagulants?
What are some potential side effects of anticoagulants?
LMWH and heparin can be used together.
LMWH and heparin can be used together.
What is the mechanism of action for warfarin?
What is the mechanism of action for warfarin?
What is the brand name for fondaparinux?
What is the brand name for fondaparinux?
What is thrombolytic therapy?
What is thrombolytic therapy?
What is the mechanism of action for thrombolytics?
What is the mechanism of action for thrombolytics?
When would thrombolytic therapy be used?
When would thrombolytic therapy be used?
What is alteplase also known as?
What is alteplase also known as?
How can COPD exacerbation be prevented?
How can COPD exacerbation be prevented?
What is a COPD exacerbation?
What is a COPD exacerbation?
What is the initial medication given for a COPD exacerbation?
What is the initial medication given for a COPD exacerbation?
What is an example of a SABA?
What is an example of a SABA?
What is the maintenance drug typically used for COPD exacerbation?
What is the maintenance drug typically used for COPD exacerbation?
What are some other drugs that can be used for COPD exacerbation?
What are some other drugs that can be used for COPD exacerbation?
What is status asthmaticus?
What is status asthmaticus?
How does status asthmaticus present?
How does status asthmaticus present?
Increasing PaCO2 levels during status asthmaticus indicate a worsening condition.
Increasing PaCO2 levels during status asthmaticus indicate a worsening condition.
What does the early stage of status asthmaticus lead to?
What does the early stage of status asthmaticus lead to?
What are some medications used for status asthmaticus?
What are some medications used for status asthmaticus?
What is the brand name for methylprednisolone?
What is the brand name for methylprednisolone?
What type of medication is methylprednisolone?
What type of medication is methylprednisolone?
What should be monitored for patients taking Solu-Medrol?
What should be monitored for patients taking Solu-Medrol?
What is phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?
What is phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?
What components make up the cardiac conduction system?
What components make up the cardiac conduction system?
What is the function of the SA node?
What is the function of the SA node?
What is the function of the Bundle of His?
What is the function of the Bundle of His?
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?
What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?
What is ventricular tachycardia (VTach)?
What is ventricular tachycardia (VTach)?
What is amiodarone used for?
What is amiodarone used for?
What are some potential side effects of amiodarone?
What are some potential side effects of amiodarone?
What is lidocaine used for?
What is lidocaine used for?
What are some potential side effects of lidocaine?
What are some potential side effects of lidocaine?
What is procainamide used for?
What is procainamide used for?
What is magnesium sulfate used for?
What is magnesium sulfate used for?
What is Torsades de Pointes?
What is Torsades de Pointes?
What is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
What is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
What is the first-line treatment for SVT?
What is the first-line treatment for SVT?
What is the mechanism of action for adenosine?
What is the mechanism of action for adenosine?
What are some potential side effects of adenosine?
What are some potential side effects of adenosine?
What are some other medications used for SVT?
What are some other medications used for SVT?
Flashcards
Inspiration
Inspiration
Requires movement of the diaphragm.
Expiration
Expiration
Passive process when the diaphragm relaxes.
Respiration
Respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar level.
Concentration of O2
Concentration of O2
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Concentration of CO2
Concentration of CO2
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Perfusion
Perfusion
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Ideal body pH level
Ideal body pH level
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CO2 increase in body
CO2 increase in body
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CO2 decrease in body
CO2 decrease in body
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Alveoli secretion
Alveoli secretion
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Visceral pleura
Visceral pleura
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Parietal pleura
Parietal pleura
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Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea
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2 results of OSA
2 results of OSA
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OSA causes
OSA causes
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OSA can lead to
OSA can lead to
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Hypoxia causes body to release
Hypoxia causes body to release
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Nocturnal hypoxemia can cause
Nocturnal hypoxemia can cause
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CPAP
CPAP
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Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion
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Which lung is pleural effusion most common in?
Which lung is pleural effusion most common in?
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Causes of pleural effusion
Causes of pleural effusion
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2 types of pleural effusion fluid
2 types of pleural effusion fluid
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S/S of pleural effusion
S/S of pleural effusion
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Transudative fluid
Transudative fluid
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Exudative fluid
Exudative fluid
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Pleural effusion patients are at risk for
Pleural effusion patients are at risk for
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Medications commonly used for pleural effusion
Medications commonly used for pleural effusion
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Piperacillin and tazobactam sodium
Piperacillin and tazobactam sodium
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Zosyn SE
Zosyn SE
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Gentamicin
Gentamicin
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Gentamicin caution
Gentamicin caution
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Common vasodilator for pleural effusion
Common vasodilator for pleural effusion
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Common diuretic for pleural effusion
Common diuretic for pleural effusion
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Lasix administration
Lasix administration
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Inspiration: Requires diaphragm movement.
- Expiration: Passive process; diaphragm relaxes.
- Respiration: Exchange of O2 and CO2 at alveolar level.
- O2 concentration: Higher in alveoli, diffuses into RBCs.
- CO2 concentration: Higher in RBCs, diffuses into alveoli.
- Perfusion: Movement of oxygenated blood into tissues.
- Ideal body pH: 7.35-7.45.
- Increased CO2 (acidosis): Body's CO2 level rises.
- Decreased CO2 (alkalosis): Body's CO2 level falls.
- Alveoli secretion: Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse (atelectasis).
- Visceral pleura: Thin membrane lining lung surface.
- Parietal pleura: Forms the space between the layers of pleura
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
- Definition: Repetitive narrowing/collapse of pharyngeal airway during sleep.
- Characteristics: Intermittent blood gas disturbances (hypercapnia, hypoxemia)
- OSA Characteristics: Reduced airflow despite breathing efforts; cessation (apnea) of airflow despite breathing.
- Causes: Upper airway anatomy, upper airway dilator muscle responsiveness, arousal threshold, respiratory control system stability, lung volume changes.
- Associated Conditions: Hypertension, dysrhythmias, due to hypoxia and inflammatory mediators (WBC adhesion to endothelium, endothelial damage, atherosclerosis).
- Hypoxia results in: Endothelin release (vasoconstriction).
- Nocturnal hypoxemia can result in: MI, sudden cardiac death, heart failure.
Pleural Effusion
- Definition: Fluid accumulation between lung's pleural layers.
- Most common affected lung: Left.
- Causes: Heart failure, pneumonia, lung cancer, inflammatory disorders.
- Fluid Types: Transudative and exudative.
- Transudative: Usually linked to cirrhosis.
- Exudative: Watery fluid due to pressure buildup
- Risk: Empyema (infected fluid).
- Treatments: Diuretics, antibiotics, chemotherapy, sclerosing agents.
Medications (Respiratory/Cardiovascular)
- Zosyn (piperacillin/tazobactam): Antibiotic; SEs include diarrhea, renal issues in patients with kidney problems, contraindicated in penicillin allergy.
- Gentamicin: Aminoglycoside antibiotic; monitor serum levels due to nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
- Nitroglycerin: Vasodilator, often used for pleural effusions with cardiac involvement.
- Lasix (furosemide): Diuretic; administer at 20 mg/min (to prevent ototoxicity).
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- Definition: Blockage of pulmonary vasculature by a substance (solid, gas, liquid).
- Common Cause: Blood clot (DVT).
- Effects: Increased hypoxia; impaired blood flow.
- Initial State: Respiratory alkalosis (low PaCO2 due to hyperventilation), but progresses to respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia.
- Advanced Stage: Metabolic acidosis (lactic acid build-up).
- D-Dimer: Protein found after clot breakdown.
- PE Diagnosis: Typically positive D-dimer result.
- Treatment: Anticoagulants.
- Anticoagulant Interactions: NSAIDs, garlic, ginkgo, kava.
- Normal INR: Around 1.
- Typical Warfarin INR: 2-3.5.
- Critical INR for Warfarin: 5 or above.
- Heparin Use Labs: aPTT.
- Warfarin Use Labs: INR.
- Heparin Antidote: Protamine sulfate.
- Lovenox (enoxaparin): Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH).
- Fragmin (dalteparin): LMWH.
- Coumadin (warfarin) MOA: Inhibits clotting factor production.
- Warfarin Antidote: Vitamin K.
- Arixta (fondaparinux): Direct factor Xa inhibitor.
- Thrombolytic Therapy: To dissolve a clot. Mechanism: Activates plasminogen -> plasmin.
- Thrombolytic use: When patient is hemodynamically compromised.
- Activase (alteplase): Thrombolytic.
COPD/Asthma
- COPD exacerbation: Increased airway resistance, worsened expiratory flow.
- Initial COPD exacerbation treatment: Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs; e.g., albuterol).
- COPD exacerbation maintenance treatment: Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs; e.g., salmeterol).
- COPD exacerbation other treatments: Systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, oxygen.
- Status asthmaticus: Unresponsive acute asthma exacerbation to bronchodilators.
- Status asthmaticus presentation: Bronchospasm, airway inflammation, mucus plus; difficulty breathing, CO2 retention, hypoxemia, respiratory failure.
- Worsening status asthmaticus indication: Increasing PaCO2 levels.
- Status asthmaticus early stages: Can lead to respiratory alkalosis.
- Status asthmaticus treatments: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, anticholinergics, oxygen.
- Solu-Medrol (Methylprednisolone): Steroid; monitor blood sugar in patients with diabetes.
Cardiac Action Potential
- Phase 0: Rapid depolarization (sodium influx).
- Phase 1: Early repolarization (sodium channel closure, potassium channel opening).
- Phase 2: Plateau phase (calcium influx, potassium efflux balance).
- Phase 3: Rapid repolarization (potassium efflux dominates).
- Phase 4: Resting potential (cell polarized).
Cardiac Conduction System
- SA node: Pacemaker (60-100 bpm); atria contraction before ventricles.
- AV node: Slows conduction; allows atrial contraction before ventricle; acts as a gatekeeper for rapid ventricular rates.
- Bundle of His: Transmits impulse from AV node to ventricles.
- Purkinje fibers: Ensures synchronized ventricular contraction.
Arrhythmias
- Ventricular tachycardia (VTach): Fast ventricular rhythm.
- Amiodarone: Potassium channel blocker; for Vtach; SEs include pulmonary toxicity, photophobia.
- Lidocaine: Antidysrhythmic; for Vtach; SEs include CNS effects.
- Procainamide: For Vtach.
- Magnesium Sulfate: For Vtach, especially torsades de pointes.
- Torsades de Pointes: Rare Vtach potentially fatal.
- Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): Abnormal rhythm generated above ventricles.
- SVT first-line treatment: Vagal maneuvers.
- Adenosine: Decreases AV node conduction, SA node automaticity; SEs include flushing, hypotension, chest pain, dyspnea.
- Other SVT medications: Verapamil, diltiazem, beta-blockers.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of the respiratory system, including the mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, and the regulation of body pH. This quiz also covers obstructive sleep apnea, its characteristics, and impacts on health. Test your knowledge of how these systems function and interact.
