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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the respiratory system?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of the respiratory system?
- Regulating blood pressure through hormone secretion.
- Filtering toxins from the bloodstream.
- Producing red blood cells for oxygen transport.
- Maintaining homeostasis through gas exchange and regulation. (correct)
If a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) results show a normal range, what can be generally inferred?
If a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) results show a normal range, what can be generally inferred?
- The patient's respiratory function is impaired.
- The patient has a severe respiratory illness.
- The patient definitely has normal respiratory function.
- The patient's respiratory function is likely normal. (correct)
Which of the following represents the correct order of the respiratory system zones from the start to the end?
Which of the following represents the correct order of the respiratory system zones from the start to the end?
- Alveolar sacs → Terminal bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles → Conducting zone
- Conducting zone → Respiratory zone (correct)
- Respiratory zone → Conducting zone
Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place and what is the net ATP production?
Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place and what is the net ATP production?
Which of the following processes primarily occurs in the mitochondria?
Which of the following processes primarily occurs in the mitochondria?
Which of the following best describes hypoxia?
Which of the following best describes hypoxia?
Which of the following could cause hypoxia?
Which of the following could cause hypoxia?
Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with increasing altitude?
Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with increasing altitude?
At approximately what altitude is atmospheric pressure halved compared to sea level?
At approximately what altitude is atmospheric pressure halved compared to sea level?
At sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in inspired air?
At sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (O2) in inspired air?
What is the approximate partial pressure of nitrogen (N2) in the air at sea level?
What is the approximate partial pressure of nitrogen (N2) in the air at sea level?
If a person inhales room air at 5.5 km above sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
If a person inhales room air at 5.5 km above sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
What is the approximate volume of the anatomical dead space?
What is the approximate volume of the anatomical dead space?
What impact does atmospheric pressure have on the partial pressure of water vapor in the trachea?
What impact does atmospheric pressure have on the partial pressure of water vapor in the trachea?
If a person inhales room air at 5.5km above sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at the anatomical dead space, accounting for humidification?
If a person inhales room air at 5.5km above sea level, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) at the anatomical dead space, accounting for humidification?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Compared to oxygen (O2), how much faster does carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuse in the blood towards the alveoli?
Compared to oxygen (O2), how much faster does carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuse in the blood towards the alveoli?
What characteristic describes the respiratory zone, allowing for significant changes in volume with slight pressure changes?
What characteristic describes the respiratory zone, allowing for significant changes in volume with slight pressure changes?
Why is water vapor pressure accounted for when calculating the partial pressure of oxygen at altitude?
Why is water vapor pressure accounted for when calculating the partial pressure of oxygen at altitude?
Flashcards
Respiratory System and Homeostasis
Respiratory System and Homeostasis
The respiratory system's role in maintaining a stable internal environment.
Normal ABG Ranges
Normal ABG Ranges
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) should be within a normal range to indicate proper respiratory function. Key values are: PO2=100 mmHg, PCO2=40 mmHg, PH=7.4
Hypoxia
Hypoxia
A condition characterized by a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the body's tissues.
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
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Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level
Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level
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Conducting Zone.
Conducting Zone.
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Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Zone
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Anatomical Dead Space Volume
Anatomical Dead Space Volume
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Lung Compliance
Lung Compliance
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Study Notes
- The first topic of interest in physiology is the respiratory system and its role in maintaining homeostasis
- Maintaining homeostasis involves keeping arterial blood gases (ABGs) within a normal range
- Normal ABG ranges include PO2=100 mmHg, PCO2=40 mmHg, and PH=7.4
- Normal ABG levels indicate normal respiratory function, but it does not ensure it
Respiratory System Regions
- The respiratory system divides into conducting and respiratory regions
- The respiratory zone starts at the terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs, which are the 23rd branch
Cellular Respiration
- Anaerobic glycolysis in the cytosol converts glucose into 2 pyruvates to produce only 2 ATP
- The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria produces 36 ATP
Hypoxia
- Hypoxia is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
- Hypoxia can result from low oxygen availability or poor oxygen utilization
Pressure
- Atmospheric pressure measures pressure at sea level (0m)
- Atmospheric pressure results from air's weight exerting force on a surface, as P=F/A
- As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases because the air column is smaller
- At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg
- At 5.5 km above sea level, atmospheric pressure halves to 380 mmHg
- At 11 km above sea level, atmospheric pressure halves again to 190 mmHg, this is a commercial airplane altitude
Partial Pressure of Gases (at sea level)
- Total pressure is 760 mmHg
- O2 gas (21%) is 160 mmHg
- N2 gas (79%) is 600 mmHg
- CO2 & H2O are 0%
- If you inhale room air at sea level, the PO2 is 160 mmHg
- If you inhale room air at 5.5km above sea level, the PO2 is 80 mmHg due to pressure halving
- High altitude is considered one of the reasons for Hypoxia
Respiratory System Zones
Conducting Zone
- The conducting zone is the anatomical dead zone where no gas exchange occurs, but it is a living zone
- Functions of the conducting zone include:
- Conduction of air
- Humidification via H2O vapor introduced in the trachea
- Warming
- Filtering via dust cells
- Anatomical dead space volume is 2ml/kg of body weight
Humidification
- Water vapor is introduced at the trachea by goblet cells for humidification
- Water vapor accounts for 47 mmHg in calculations and remains constant at 37 °C regardless of atmospheric pressure
- If you inhale room air at 5.5km above sea level, the PO2 at the anatomical dead space is 70 mmHg
- At higher altitudes, water vapor accounts for a greater portion of the total pressure
Respiratory Zone
- Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
- Alveolar sacs are covered with capillary beds
- O2 diffuses to blood and CO2 diffuses 20x more in blood to the alveoli
- The respiratory zone is compliant, meaning small pressure changes cause drastic volume changes during inhalation and exhalation
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