Respiratory System and Disease

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Which part of the upper respiratory tract is responsible for the passage of air and food?

Oropharynx (correct)

Nasopharynx

Laryngopharynx

Nasal cavity

What is the primary function of the commensal microbiota in host innate defense mechanisms?

Trapping microbes

Niche occupation, preventing bad bacteria from occupying the space (correct)

Enhancing mucin secretion

Removing microbes

Which of the following is NOT a host innate defense mechanism against respiratory microbes?

Mucus flow

Epithelial cell tight junctions

Air flow

Vector transmission (correct)

What is the function of Lysozyme in host innate responses?

Bacterial cell wall destruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is more prone to respiratory disease due to their role as reservoirs?

None of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the general role of effector molecules in host innate response?

To destroy and remove pathogens (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the pathogen recognition receptors located on epithelial cells?

Internally (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GM-CSF cytokine produced by epithelial cells?

Growth factor, activates neutrophils (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of rhinoviruses?

Hypersecretion of mucus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the receptor that RV-A binds to on epithelial cells?

ICAM-1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group in which RSV is more common than flu?

Less than 12 months (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment used for RSV?

Neutralising antibody to block infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the family of viruses that the influenza virus comes from?

Orthomyxoviridae (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of epithelial cell infection?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of the family of virus that rhinoviruses come from?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of RSV infection in infants?

RSV bronchiolitis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neuraminidase in influenza?

Liquifies mucus to assist with aerosol production and transmission (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of symptoms in influenza?

Immune response to the virus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which influenza viruses undergo minor genetic changes, leading to epidemics?

Antigenic drift (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a zoonotic disease?

SARS-CoV-2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is whooping cough?

Bacterial (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the receptor that SARS-CoV-2 binds to?

ACE2 receptor (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2?

SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted?

Airborne (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which influenza viruses undergo major genetic changes, leading to pandemics?

Antigenic shift (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the bacterium that causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?

Fever, cough, shortness of breath, and loss of smell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Bordetella pertussis toxins?

To trigger coughing (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used to prevent whooping cough?

Acellular (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between latent TB and active TB?

Latent TB is asymptomatic, active TB has symptoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three risk factors for TB?

HIV, contact with active TB case, and corticosteroid therapy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of granulomas in TB?

To wall off infective cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is primary tuberculosis?

An initial mycobacterial infection in patients never previously exposed to TB (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tuberculin test?

To show immunity to TB (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for post-primary TB?

Two antibiotics for 6 months, and two additional antibiotics for the first 2 months (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of post-primary TB?

Miliary TB (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contact tracing in TB prevention?

To screen for TB contacts (D) Signup and view all the answers