37 Questions
Which part of the upper respiratory tract is responsible for the passage of air and food?
Oropharynx
What is the primary function of the commensal microbiota in host innate defense mechanisms?
Niche occupation, preventing bad bacteria from occupying the space
Which of the following is NOT a host innate defense mechanism against respiratory microbes?
Vector transmission
What is the function of Lysozyme in host innate responses?
Bacterial cell wall destruction
Which age group is more prone to respiratory disease due to their role as reservoirs?
None of the above
What is the general role of effector molecules in host innate response?
To destroy and remove pathogens
Where are the pathogen recognition receptors located on epithelial cells?
Internally
What is the function of GM-CSF cytokine produced by epithelial cells?
Growth factor, activates neutrophils
Which of the following is a common symptom of rhinoviruses?
Hypersecretion of mucus
What is the name of the receptor that RV-A binds to on epithelial cells?
ICAM-1
What is the age group in which RSV is more common than flu?
Less than 12 months
What is the treatment used for RSV?
Neutralising antibody to block infection
What is the family of viruses that the influenza virus comes from?
Orthomyxoviridae
What is the result of epithelial cell infection?
All of the above
What is the property of the family of virus that rhinoviruses come from?
All of the above
What is the result of RSV infection in infants?
RSV bronchiolitis
What is the role of neuraminidase in influenza?
Liquifies mucus to assist with aerosol production and transmission
What is the primary cause of symptoms in influenza?
Immune response to the virus
What is the term for the process by which influenza viruses undergo minor genetic changes, leading to epidemics?
Antigenic drift
What is an example of a zoonotic disease?
SARS-CoV-2
What type of infection is whooping cough?
Bacterial
What is the receptor that SARS-CoV-2 binds to?
ACE2 receptor
What is the primary difference between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2?
SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious
What is the most effective way that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted?
Airborne
What is the term for the process by which influenza viruses undergo major genetic changes, leading to pandemics?
Antigenic shift
What is the bacterium that causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?
Fever, cough, shortness of breath, and loss of smell
What is the primary function of Bordetella pertussis toxins?
To trigger coughing
What type of vaccine is used to prevent whooping cough?
Acellular
What is the difference between latent TB and active TB?
Latent TB is asymptomatic, active TB has symptoms
What are the three risk factors for TB?
HIV, contact with active TB case, and corticosteroid therapy
What is the purpose of granulomas in TB?
To wall off infective cells
What is primary tuberculosis?
An initial mycobacterial infection in patients never previously exposed to TB
What is the purpose of the tuberculin test?
To show immunity to TB
What is the treatment for post-primary TB?
Two antibiotics for 6 months, and two additional antibiotics for the first 2 months
What is a complication of post-primary TB?
Miliary TB
What is the purpose of contact tracing in TB prevention?
To screen for TB contacts
Test your knowledge of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, age groups affected by respiratory diseases, and common pathogens. Learn about the different parts of the respiratory system and how they relate to disease.
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