M1_Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the conducting zone?

  • To produce sound for vocal resonance
  • To filter out particles from inspired air
  • To transport gas in and out of the lungs (correct)
  • To facilitate gas exchange

    • What is the name of the structure that contains the vocal cords?

  • Trachea
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Bronchi

    • Why do physiotherapists encourage clients to breathe through their nose?

  • Because of its functions of filtering, warming, and humidifying the air (correct)
  • To reduce breathlessness
  • To improve vocal resonance
  • To facilitate gas exchange

    • What is the main purpose of the respiratory zone?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tube-like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common passageway for both food and air?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle of branching of the right main bronchus?

    <p>20-30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is present in the bronchioles?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?

    <p>To provide structural support to keep the airway open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the tiny sacs responsible for gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many functional zones does the respiratory system have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the upper part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which air enters the alveoli through pathways that bypass the normal airways?

    <p>Collateral ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of pores of Kohn present in each adult alveolus?

    <p>5-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveolar ducts?

    <p>To transport air from the bronchioles to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane where perfusion occurs?

    <p>Alveolar membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branching pattern of a person's airway called?

    <p>The bronchial tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collateral ventilation?

    <p>To preserve ventilation and gas exchange in distal parts of the lung beyond the point of obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do Pores of Kohn typically develop?

    <p>Around 4 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of age on the number of collateral channels in humans?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of an alveolar sac?

    <p>0.3 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cross-sectional area of the lungs?

    <p>1,000,000 cm2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many generations of airways are typically cleared when coughing?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the lungs?

    <p>Cone-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds the lungs in position?

    <p>Negative pressure between the pleural spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

    <p>To create surface tension that pulls the pleura together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the anatomy of the lungs?

    <p>To guide auscultation and clinical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are recruited to assist with inspiration during increased work of breathing?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of quiet breathing during expiration?

    <p>Passive recoil of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spinal level that innervates the diaphragm?

    <p>C3, 4, 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles contribute to expiration?

    <p>Internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the handy mnemonic 'C3, 4, 5, keeps the diaphragm alive'?

    <p>To remember the spinal level that innervates the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a spinal cord injury at the level of C5?

    <p>Compromised innervation of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about inspiration?

    <p>It requires muscle contraction and is always active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intercostal muscles contribute to inspiration?

    <p>External intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main muscle of respiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the internal intercostal muscle during increased work of breathing?

    <p>To assist with active expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

    <p>To act as a lubricant and increase surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure in the pleural cavity during normal breathing?

    <p>Negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the respiratory muscles in inspiration and expiration?

    <p>Involved in both inspiration and expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a weak respiratory muscle?

    <p>Increased work of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inspiratory muscle training?

    <p>To strengthen the respiratory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of respiration being referred to throughout this section?

    <p>One full breath in and one full breath out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lining of the rib cage?

    <p>Parietal pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of air movement during respiration?

    <p>From high pressure to low pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the natural tendency of the chest wall and lungs?

    <p>The chest wall pulls outwards and the lungs pull inwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the costovertebral and costotransverse joints?

    <p>To allow for proper movement of the chest during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of the ribs during inspiration?

    <p>Bucket handle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition that can impact involuntary breathing?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal muscle of inspiration?

    <p>External intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus for breathing in involuntary breathing?

    <p>Increased CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of voluntary breathing control?

    <p>Cortical control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the respiratory control centers in the brain?

    <p>To control the muscles responsible for breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible forexpiration?

    <p>Internal intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of the sternum during inspiration?

    <p>Pump handle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragm?

    <p>To contribute to inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between lung volumes and lung capacities?

    <p>Lung volumes refer to specific amounts of air contained within different compartments, while lung capacities refer to the sum of two or more lung volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is functional residual capacity (FRC) of the lungs?

    <p>The volume of air left in the lung at the end of normal quiet expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects lung volumes?

    <p>Body size, age, gender, muscle training, and respiratory disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of understanding lung volumes and lung capacities in physiotherapy?

    <p>To track changes in lung function over time and design appropriate treatment plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outward spring of the rib cage responsible for?

    <p>Determining the functional residual capacity (FRC) of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the graph that demonstrates different variables related to inspiration and expiration?

    <p>Figure 01-13.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people living at altitude have larger lung volumes?

    <p>To increase gas exchange where the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aging on lung volumes?

    <p>Lung volumes decrease due to reduced lung elasticity and reduced compliance of the thoracic cage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

    <p>Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired during quiet breathing, while inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air inspired from tidal volume to maximal inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lung volumes and surfactant?

    <p>Surfactant deficiency can lead to respiratory distress and other lung diseases, affecting lung function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the diaphragm contracting during inspiration?

    <p>A negative intrapulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of accessory muscles in pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>To increase thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is airway compliance?

    <p>The ratio of change in volume to change in pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the elastic recoil of the lungs?

    <p>Both the elastin fibers and the surface tension of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of surfactant on pulmonary compliance?

    <p>It increases pulmonary compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hysteresis?

    <p>The energy applied to the lung during inspiration that is not recovered in expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the chest wall in pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>To push the lungs outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intrapulmonary pressure at the end of inspiration?

    <p>It becomes equal to atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the recoil of the lungs and chest wall at the end of inspiration?

    <p>The lungs recoil and exhalation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is pulmonary surfactant essential for efficient gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>It reduces the surface tension of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Respiratory System: Anatomy and Physiology

    • The respiratory system is divided into two functional zones: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone.

    Conducting Zone

    • The conducting zone transports gas in and out of the lungs.
    • It consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
    • The nose:
      • Filters, warms, and humidifies the air during inspiration.
      • Has multiple functions, including olfaction and vocal resonance.
    • The pharynx:
      • Is the common passageway for food and air.
      • Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx.
    • The larynx:
      • Contains the vocal cords.
      • Is located between the pharynx and trachea.
    • The trachea:
      • Is a tube-like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi.
      • Composed of cartilaginous rings that provide structural support.
    • The bronchial tree:
      • Is the branching pattern of the airway.
      • Has approximately 23 generations of branching.
      • Features of note:
        • The right main bronchus is more vertical than the left.
        • Bronchioles lack cartilage but have smooth muscles.

    Respiratory Zone

    • The respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange.
    • It includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
    • Alveoli:
      • Are tiny sacs responsible for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream.
      • Have a liquid membrane where perfusion occurs.
      • Are bunched together, forming a "grape-like" structure.

    Collateral Ventilation

    • Is the ventilation of alveolar structures via pathways that bypass the normal airways in the lungs.
    • Occurs when the airways are restricted or obstructed.
    • Enables the preservation of ventilation and gas exchange in distal parts of the lung.

    The Lungs

    • Are cone-shaped and positioned vertically in the chest cage, around the heart.
    • Are held in position by negative pressure between the pleural spaces.
    • Have a membrane called the visceral pleura, which covers the surface of the lungs.

    Clinical Note

    • Understanding the anatomy of the lungs is crucial for clinical reasoning and auscultation (listening to lung sounds with a stethoscope).

    Respiratory Mechanics

    • The biomechanics of the respiratory system is essential for understanding respiration.
    • The morphology of the joints in the rib cage, the origin and insertions of muscles, and their planes of action contribute to understanding normal function.
    • The movement of the rib cage:
      • Moves like a bucket handle during inspiration.
      • Moves like a pump handle during inspiration.

    Muscles of Respiration

    • The principal muscles of inspiration are the external intercostals, the interchondral part of the internal intercostals, and the diaphragm.
    • Accessory muscles that contribute to inspiration include the sternocleidomastoid and scalenes.
    • Muscles of expiration:
      • Quiet breathing is a passive process, resulting from the recoil of the lungs.
      • Active expiration occurs through the recruitment of internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.

    Innervation of the Diaphragm

    • The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm.
    • The phrenic nerve originates from the anterior rami of the C3-C5 roots.

    Respiratory Pathways

    • The neural pathways to the respiratory muscles operate similarly to all other neural pathways.
    • Conditions that impact the neural pathways to respiratory muscle include:
      • Guillain-Barré syndrome
      • Spinal cord injury
      • Poliomyelitis

    Clinical Note

    • As a physiotherapist, consider the muscles of respiration as trainable muscles that can be strengthened.

    • Inspiratory muscle training can be used to improve respiratory function.### Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Three air pressures are involved in pulmonary ventilation: intrapulmonary pressure (within the lungs), intrapleural pressure (in the pleural cavity), and atmospheric pressure (surrounding air).

    • Air moves from high pressure to low pressure, and this pressure gradient drives air in and out of the lungs.

    • The chest wall and lungs have natural tendencies: the chest wall pulls outwards, and the lungs tend to pull inwards and collapse, resulting in a slightly negative pressure (-4cm of water) in the intra-pleural space.

    • At the beginning of inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure (0).

    • When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a negative intrapulmonary pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.

    • During inspiration, the intra-pleural pressure becomes more negative (-7), and the chest wall expands.

    • At the end of inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure, and air moves out of the lungs.

    Muscle Movement and Rib Expansion

    • Muscle movement and rib expansion change the pressures in the lungs during breathing.
    • Accessory muscles are used to increase thoracic volume.

    Airway Compliance

    • Compliance refers to how easily air can move in and out of the lungs.
    • It is calculated as the change in volume over the change in pressure.
    • High compliance means a large change in volume for a small change in pressure; low compliance means a small change in volume for a large change in pressure.
    • Factors contributing to compliance include:
      • Elastic recoil of the lungs (due to elastin fibers and surface tension)
      • Recoil of the chest wall (pulling outwards)
    • A compliant lung is like inflating a thin balloon, whereas a poorly compliant lung is like inflating a thick balloon.

    Surfactant

    • Surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex that reduces the surface tension of alveoli.
    • It decreases elasticity and increases pulmonary compliance.
    • Surfactant is essential for efficient gas exchange in the lungs and is important for understanding lung function and respiratory diseases.

    Hysteresis

    • Hysteresis is the energy applied to the lung during inspiration that is not recovered in expiration.
    • It is a phenomenon that occurs due to the surface tension that needs to be overcome during inspiration.
    • Hysteresis is calculated by plotting change in volume over change in pressure.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Lung volumes refer to the amount of air contained within specific parts of the respiratory system.
    • Lung capacities refer to the sum of two or more lung volumes.
    • Important lung volumes and capacities include:
      • Tidal volume (TV)
      • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
      • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
      • Residual volume (RV)
      • Functional residual capacity (FRC)
      • Vital capacity (VC)
      • Total lung capacity (TLC)

    Factors Affecting Lung Volumes

    • Body size: taller people tend to have larger lung volumes, while obese people have smaller lung volumes.
    • Age: lung tissue loses elasticity with age, leading to a reduction in lung volume.
    • Gender: men tend to have larger lung volumes due to their physical size.
    • Muscle training: inspiratory muscle training increases lung volumes.
    • Respiratory disease: may lead to an increase or decrease in lung volumes.
    • Altitude: people living at high altitude have larger lung volumes to increase gas exchange.

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    Description

    Revise the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system from a physiotherapy perspective. This quiz covers the upper respiratory tract, including the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, and glottis.

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