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Questions and Answers
What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?
What is the role of lymphatic collecting vessels?
Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?
What drives lymph flow towards the heart in the lymphatic system?
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Where do B lymphocytes mature?
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Which organ is responsible for T lymphocyte maturation and multiplication?
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Where do T and B lymphocytes primarily get activated and proliferate?
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Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavity?
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What is the function of the tonsils in the respiratory system?
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Which structures help warm and moisten air in the respiratory system?
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Which part of the pharynx is lined by mucous membrane and stratified squamous epithelium?
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What is the function of the larynx in the respiratory system?
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Which structure contains the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid organ?
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What is the primary site for B lymphocyte maturation?
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Which part of the respiratory system contains olfactory and respiratory areas?
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What is laryngitis?
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What is the function of the true vocal cords?
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How many lobes are present in the right lung?
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What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs?
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What controls the rate and depth of breathing?
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What is the function of the pleura?
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What are the primary bronchi connected to?
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What is the function of the bronchial route?
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What is the composition of the respiratory membrane?
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What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx?
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What is the function of the vestibular folds in the larynx?
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What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Structures and Functions
- The larynx consists of paired cartilages, including the arytenoid cartilages, which anchor vocal cords, and two sets of vocal cords, the vestibular folds, and the true vocal cords, which help produce sound and close the glottis when swallowing.
- Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx due to infection or irritation.
- The trachea is an air passage anterior to the esophagus, containing 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages and connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi that enter each lung.
- The bronchial tree consists of around 23 generations of branches, with decreasing amounts of hyaline cartilage and increasing amounts of smooth muscle as it extends from the primary bronchi to the alveolar ducts.
- The lungs contain about 150 million polyhedral alveoli, which form the respiratory membrane and are the primary site of gas exchange.
- The respiratory membrane is formed by type I and type II alveolar cells, a fused alveolar/capillary basement membrane, and the capillary wall, with macrophages entering the alveoli to remove bacteria and debris.
- Clinical applications of lung conditions include tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, and emphysema, affecting lung elasticity, gas exchange, and causing lung collapse.
- The gross morphology of the lungs includes three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the left lung, with smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system and surrounded by the pleura, which forms plural cavities filled with serous fluid to reduce friction during ventilation.
- The blood supply to the lungs includes the pulmonary route for alveolar oxygenation and the bronchial route for carrying oxygen to lung tissues, with most blood being shunted back to the pulmonary circuit.
- Ventilation is accomplished via skeletal muscles, with inspiration facilitated by the contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals, and expiration occurring through the relaxation of these muscles.
- The rate and depth of breathing are controlled by the medulla and dependent on blood CO2 and O2 levels, as well as emotions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system structures and functions with this quiz. Explore the anatomy of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs, and learn about clinical applications of lung conditions. Understand the blood supply to the lungs, ventilation mechanisms, and the control of breathing.
