Respiratory Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Kussmaul breathing?

Irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea

Periodic hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation

Shallow and slow breaths

Deep and fast breaths (correct)

Which breathing pattern is characterized by periodic episodes of deep and shallow breathing, followed by apnea?

Normal respiration

Ataxic breathing

Biot's respiration

Cheyne-stokes breathing (correct)

What physiological change typically occurs with normal respiration in response to metabolic acidosis?

Increased CO2 retention

Decreased respiratory rate

Increased respiratory rate to decrease CO2 (correct)

Exchange of gases becomes inefficient

Which of the following best describes ataxic breathing?

Irregular respirations with no predictable pattern (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to induce Kussmaul breathing?

Metabolic acidosis commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do peripheral chemoreceptors play in ventilation control?

They monitor blood gas levels. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do lung stretch receptors contribute to respiratory function?

They prevent over-inflation of the lungs. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs when carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood?

Blood pH becomes more acidic. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What respiratory pattern is characterized by alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea?

Cheyne-Stokes breathing (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does hypoxia affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

It stimulates them to signal for increased breathing. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the respiratory rate when carbon dioxide levels rise?

The respiratory rate increases. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is primarily responsible for sensing muscle and joint movement to regulate breathing?

Muscle and joint receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Kussmaul breathing?

Rapid, deep breaths. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to airway resistance if the radius of the airway is halved?

Resistance increases by a factor of 16 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for bronchodilation?

Epinephrine signaling (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between resistance, length, and viscosity of the airway?

Longer length with more viscous air results in greater resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a gas is halved, what happens to the pressure?

Pressure doubles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling molecule is associated with bronchoconstriction?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?

To monitor and respond to CO2 and O2 levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the airway is identified as having the highest resistance?

Medium Sized Bronchi (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the autonomic nervous system influence airflow?

Sympathetic system aids in airway expansion and relaxation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Monitor changes in CO2, H+, and O2 in blood
Stimulate increased breathing to restore balance

Lung Stretch Receptors

Detect lung stretching
Prevent over-inflation by signaling to stop inhaling

Muscle and Joint Receptors

Respond to movement in muscles and joints
Stimulate breathing during activity to meet oxygen demands

Central Chemoreceptors and PCO2

Changes in PCO2 indirectly affect central chemoreceptors through pH
Increased CO2 leads to more H+ ions, lowering pH (making blood acidic)
pH change signals the brain to adjust breathing rate

Body Response to CO2, O2, and PO2 Changes

Increased O2 decreases respiratory rate
Increased CO2 increases respiratory rate
Increased CO2 causes increased H+ which is sensed centrally and peripherally

Physiologic Changes Triggering Receptor Activation

Hypoxia: decreased oxygen in tissues stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
Acidosis: decreased blood pH stimulates peripheral and central chemoreceptors

Abnormal Breathing Patterns

Ataxic/cluster breathing: irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea, occurring in groups
Kussmaul breathing: deep and fast breaths, typically to reduce CO2 and compensate for metabolic acidosis
Cheyne-Stokes breathing: Periodic hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation and apnea

Air Flow and Pressure Gradients

Air flow depends on pressure gradients and resistance
Inspiration: pressure gradient from outside (zero) to inside (negative)
Expiration: pressure gradient from inside (positive) to outside (zero)
At rest: equilibrium, no pressure change, no air movement
This force competes with airway resistance

Airway Resistance

Dependent on length, viscosity, and radius of the airway
Length increases resistance
Viscosity increases resistance
Radius inversely related to resistance (halving radius increases resistance by 16x)
Medium-sized bronchi have highest resistance
Smallest bronchioles have lowest diameter, but arranged in parallel

Resistance, Length, and Cross-Sectional Radius

Thinner width/longer length/more viscous: more resistance
Wider width/shorter length/less viscous: less resistance

Autonomic Nervous System in Airway Regulation

Sympathetic: bronchodilation and smooth muscle relaxation, signals in epinephrine
Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction, signals in acetylcholine

Signaling Molecules in Airway Regulation

Bronchodilation: norepinephrine, albuterol, ipratropium (sympathetic)
Bronchoconstriction: histamine and acetylcholine (parasympathetic)

Boyle's Law

Pressure and volume are inversely related at fixed temperature
P1V1 = P2V2

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Px = PB x F
- Px: partial pressure of gas (mmHg)
- PB: barometric pressure (mmHg)
- F: fractional concentration of gas
- PH2O: water vapor pressure at 37ºC (47 mmHg)
If accounting for water pressure, subtract vapor pressure from barometric pressure

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Description

Test your knowledge on the role of various receptors in respiratory physiology. This quiz covers peripheral chemoreceptors, lung stretch receptors, and how changes in CO2 and O2 levels affect breathing. Perfect for students of biology or physiology.