Respiratory Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Kussmaul breathing?

  • Irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea
  • Periodic hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation
  • Shallow and slow breaths
  • Deep and fast breaths (correct)
  • Which breathing pattern is characterized by periodic episodes of deep and shallow breathing, followed by apnea?

  • Normal respiration
  • Ataxic breathing
  • Biot's respiration
  • Cheyne-stokes breathing (correct)
  • What physiological change typically occurs with normal respiration in response to metabolic acidosis?

  • Increased CO2 retention
  • Decreased respiratory rate
  • Increased respiratory rate to decrease CO2 (correct)
  • Exchange of gases becomes inefficient
  • Which of the following best describes ataxic breathing?

    <p>Irregular respirations with no predictable pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to induce Kussmaul breathing?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peripheral chemoreceptors play in ventilation control?

    <p>They monitor blood gas levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lung stretch receptors contribute to respiratory function?

    <p>They prevent over-inflation of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs when carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood?

    <p>Blood pH becomes more acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory pattern is characterized by alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea?

    <p>Cheyne-Stokes breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypoxia affect peripheral chemoreceptors?

    <p>It stimulates them to signal for increased breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the respiratory rate when carbon dioxide levels rise?

    <p>The respiratory rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is primarily responsible for sensing muscle and joint movement to regulate breathing?

    <p>Muscle and joint receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during Kussmaul breathing?

    <p>Rapid, deep breaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to airway resistance if the radius of the airway is halved?

    <p>Resistance increases by a factor of 16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for bronchodilation?

    <p>Epinephrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between resistance, length, and viscosity of the airway?

    <p>Longer length with more viscous air results in greater resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a gas is halved, what happens to the pressure?

    <p>Pressure doubles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling molecule is associated with bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?

    <p>To monitor and respond to CO2 and O2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the airway is identified as having the highest resistance?

    <p>Medium Sized Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the autonomic nervous system influence airflow?

    <p>Sympathetic system aids in airway expansion and relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Chemoreceptors

    • Monitor changes in CO2, H+, and O2 in blood
    • Stimulate increased breathing to restore balance

    Lung Stretch Receptors

    • Detect lung stretching
    • Prevent over-inflation by signaling to stop inhaling

    Muscle and Joint Receptors

    • Respond to movement in muscles and joints
    • Stimulate breathing during activity to meet oxygen demands

    Central Chemoreceptors and PCO2

    • Changes in PCO2 indirectly affect central chemoreceptors through pH
    • Increased CO2 leads to more H+ ions, lowering pH (making blood acidic)
    • pH change signals the brain to adjust breathing rate

    Body Response to CO2, O2, and PO2 Changes

    • Increased O2 decreases respiratory rate
    • Increased CO2 increases respiratory rate
    • Increased CO2 causes increased H+ which is sensed centrally and peripherally

    Physiologic Changes Triggering Receptor Activation

    • Hypoxia: decreased oxygen in tissues stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
    • Acidosis: decreased blood pH stimulates peripheral and central chemoreceptors

    Abnormal Breathing Patterns

    • Ataxic/cluster breathing: irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea, occurring in groups
    • Kussmaul breathing: deep and fast breaths, typically to reduce CO2 and compensate for metabolic acidosis
    • Cheyne-Stokes breathing: Periodic hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation and apnea

    Air Flow and Pressure Gradients

    • Air flow depends on pressure gradients and resistance
    • Inspiration: pressure gradient from outside (zero) to inside (negative)
    • Expiration: pressure gradient from inside (positive) to outside (zero)
    • At rest: equilibrium, no pressure change, no air movement
    • This force competes with airway resistance

    Airway Resistance

    • Dependent on length, viscosity, and radius of the airway
    • Length increases resistance
    • Viscosity increases resistance
    • Radius inversely related to resistance (halving radius increases resistance by 16x)
    • Medium-sized bronchi have highest resistance
    • Smallest bronchioles have lowest diameter, but arranged in parallel

    Resistance, Length, and Cross-Sectional Radius

    • Thinner width/longer length/more viscous: more resistance
    • Wider width/shorter length/less viscous: less resistance

    Autonomic Nervous System in Airway Regulation

    • Sympathetic: bronchodilation and smooth muscle relaxation, signals in epinephrine
    • Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction, signals in acetylcholine

    Signaling Molecules in Airway Regulation

    • Bronchodilation: norepinephrine, albuterol, ipratropium (sympathetic)
    • Bronchoconstriction: histamine and acetylcholine (parasympathetic)

    Boyle's Law

    • Pressure and volume are inversely related at fixed temperature
    • P1V1 = P2V2

    Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

    • Px = PB x F
      • Px: partial pressure of gas (mmHg)
      • PB: barometric pressure (mmHg)
      • F: fractional concentration of gas
      • PH2O: water vapor pressure at 37ºC (47 mmHg)
    • If accounting for water pressure, subtract vapor pressure from barometric pressure

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    Study Guide Exam 3 Fall2024 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of various receptors in respiratory physiology. This quiz covers peripheral chemoreceptors, lung stretch receptors, and how changes in CO2 and O2 levels affect breathing. Perfect for students of biology or physiology.

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