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What is the main function of adrenaline when inhaled through an inhaler?
What is the main function of adrenaline when inhaled through an inhaler?
What role do type 1 alveolar cells play in the alveoli?
What role do type 1 alveolar cells play in the alveoli?
How are the principles of Boyle's Law reflected in respiratory mechanics?
How are the principles of Boyle's Law reflected in respiratory mechanics?
What is the distance between the alveolar fluid lining and pulmonary capillary known as?
What is the distance between the alveolar fluid lining and pulmonary capillary known as?
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What is the composition of the pulmonary capillaries in relation to erythrocytes?
What is the composition of the pulmonary capillaries in relation to erythrocytes?
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What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
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What occurs during external respiration?
What occurs during external respiration?
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What sequence correctly describes the path of air through the respiratory system?
What sequence correctly describes the path of air through the respiratory system?
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What role does the bloodstream play in respiration?
What role does the bloodstream play in respiration?
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What effect does smooth muscle in bronchioles have during an asthma attack?
What effect does smooth muscle in bronchioles have during an asthma attack?
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What is a common characteristic of air trapping in the lungs?
What is a common characteristic of air trapping in the lungs?
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Which condition is classified as a restrictive lung disease?
Which condition is classified as a restrictive lung disease?
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How does surface tension in the alveoli affect lung function?
How does surface tension in the alveoli affect lung function?
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What role does pulmonary surfactant play in the lungs?
What role does pulmonary surfactant play in the lungs?
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In gas exchange, what does partial pressure represent?
In gas exchange, what does partial pressure represent?
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How many hemoglobin binding sites are available for oxygen on a single red blood cell?
How many hemoglobin binding sites are available for oxygen on a single red blood cell?
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What happens to oxygen when red blood cells reach systemic tissues with low oxygen levels?
What happens to oxygen when red blood cells reach systemic tissues with low oxygen levels?
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What primarily creates the surface tension within the alveoli?
What primarily creates the surface tension within the alveoli?
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What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
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What is barreometric pressure at sea level?
What is barreometric pressure at sea level?
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When is expiration typically a passive process?
When is expiration typically a passive process?
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How does lung compliance affect breathing?
How does lung compliance affect breathing?
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What defines elastic recoil in the lungs?
What defines elastic recoil in the lungs?
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Which muscle contraction occurs during forced expiration?
Which muscle contraction occurs during forced expiration?
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What characterizes obstructive lung diseases?
What characterizes obstructive lung diseases?
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What is the relationship between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during inhalation?
What is the relationship between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during inhalation?
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What is the primary form in which most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported to the lungs?
What is the primary form in which most of the carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported to the lungs?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid in the red blood cells?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid in the red blood cells?
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During the process of transporting carbon dioxide, what happens to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) after they are formed?
During the process of transporting carbon dioxide, what happens to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) after they are formed?
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What do the axes of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve represent?
What do the axes of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve represent?
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Which statement best explains the process of CO2 transport in the blood?
Which statement best explains the process of CO2 transport in the blood?
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What role does bicarbonate play in the blood?
What role does bicarbonate play in the blood?
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What happens to CO2 in the lungs during respiration?
What happens to CO2 in the lungs during respiration?
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What percentage of CO2 is typically bound to hemoglobin during transport?
What percentage of CO2 is typically bound to hemoglobin during transport?
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What does a right shift of the O2-Hb curve indicate?
What does a right shift of the O2-Hb curve indicate?
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Which factors influence the rate of oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
Which factors influence the rate of oxygen unloading from hemoglobin?
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What do spirograms measure over time?
What do spirograms measure over time?
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What does acidosis refer to in terms of blood pH?
What does acidosis refer to in terms of blood pH?
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How does hyperventilation correct respiratory acidosis?
How does hyperventilation correct respiratory acidosis?
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What is the tidal volume in quiet breathing under resting conditions?
What is the tidal volume in quiet breathing under resting conditions?
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What happens to hemoglobin's ability to hold oxygen when pH increases?
What happens to hemoglobin's ability to hold oxygen when pH increases?
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What does hypoventilation help with in the respiratory system?
What does hypoventilation help with in the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Physiology
-
Types of Respiration:
- Cellular Respiration: An intracellular process occurring in mitochondria, using oxygen to create energy from nutrients. CO2 and H2O are waste products. O2 and glucose are the fuels.
- External Respiration: The entire process of respiration, encompassing the exchange of gases between the external world and the body's internal systems.
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What is Respiration?:
- Obtaining oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere for body cells.
- Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by body cells and returning it to the atmosphere.
- Tissues and cells produce a lot of CO2 due to cellular respiration.
-
External Respiration Steps:
- 1. Air Exchange: Gas exchange (ventilation) happens between the atmosphere and alveoli in the lungs.
- 2. Gas Exchange (Diffusion): O2 and CO2 flow across the pulmonary capillaries inside the alveoli, following diffusion principles. Each inhalation brings in O2 and exhalation releases CO2.
- 3. Blood Transport: Blood circulation transports O2 and CO2. Oxygenated blood leaves the heart's left side, delivering O2 to tissues for cellular respiration. CO2, a waste product of respiration, travels back to the right side of the heart.
- 4. Oxygenation: Blood returns to the heart oxygen-deprived, receiving fresh O2 to become oxygenated.
Respiratory System Overview
- Nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> left & right primary bronchus -> bronchioles (smooth muscle) -> alveoli
Alveoli
- Structure: Located at the end of the respiratory tract/terminal bronchioles, as part of the alveolar sacs. Well-suited for diffusion (thin walls).
- Zoomed In: Type 1 alveolar cells form the wall, alveolar sacs have pulmonary surfactant, and alveoli are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange.
Respiratory Mechanics
- Gas pressure depends on collisions, higher pressure means more collisions.
- Boyle's Law explains the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in a container, including the lungs & thoracic cavity.
- Changes in lung volumes cause ventilation, the mechanical process of breathing.
- Pressure gradient drives air flow: Air moves from high to low pressure.
Important Pressures for Breathing
- Barometric Pressure: The pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere.
Intra-alveolar Pressure (IAP)
- Pressure inside the alveoli.
- Air flow occurs when IAP differs from atmospheric pressure
Inspiration and Expiration
- Inspiration: To expand the lungs and increase alveolar volume, decreasing alveolar pressure, muscles contract to use energy for breathing.
- Expiration: Quiet breathing is usually passive, driven by elastic recoil of the lungs. Forced expiration uses muscles for more forceful exhalation.
Lung Elasticity
- Compliance: Describes how easily the lungs stretch. High compliance means easier stretching, low compliance means harder stretching.
- Elastic Recoil: Ability of the lungs to return to their normal size after being stretched, important for exhalation.
Respiratory Dysfunction
- Obstructive Lung Diseases: Conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, where exhalation is difficult due to airflow blockage.
- Restrictive Lung Diseases: Conditions like asbestosis, sarcoidosis, and pulmonary fibrosis, where inhalation is difficult due to lung stiffness or scarring.
Alveolar Surface Tension
- Alveoli are lined with a thin liquid film, primarily water and surfactant.
- Surface tension: Water molecules' tendency to stick together, creating a force that resists lung expansion.
- Surfactant: Reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse. Secreted by type 2 alveolar cells.
Pulmonary Surfactant Benefits
- Increases pulmonary compliance, making lung inflation easier.
- Decreases the lungs tendency to recoil preventing collapse.
Gas Exchange (Partial Pressure)
- The sum of pressures of different gases making up total air pressure.
- Each gas's pressure considered separately.
Oxygen Transport
- Hemoglobin (Hb) binds oxygen (O2).
- O2 attaches to hemoglobin's Fe3+ transitional metal.
- Oxygen levels in tissues determine oxygen release from Hb.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Most CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) dissolved in blood plasma.
- Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2O into H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and then into HCO3- and H+ ions in RBC.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- Shows how readily hemoglobin binds oxygen depending on oxygen availability and environmental conditions.
- Curve shifts based on pH, temperature, and CO2 concentration (Bohr effect): lower pH, higher CO2, and higher temperature cause a rightward shift, where hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily, a response to increased tissue metabolic demand.
Adjustments to Tissue Needs
- Factors like pH, CO2, and temperature control the rate of oxygen unloading from hemoglobin to meet tissue metabolic demands.
- Ambient PO2, temperature, and blood pH regulate O2 unloading.
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. ~500 mL
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Extra volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled. ~3000 mL (males) and ~1900 mL (females)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Extra volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled.
- Residual Volume (RV): Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal forced exhalation.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Maximum volume of air taken in. ~3500 mL
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air in the lungs at the end of normal expiration.
- Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum volume of air exchanged during one breath.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total volume of air the lungs can hold.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of respiratory physiology, including cellular and external respiration. Understand the processes of gas exchange and the role of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. This quiz covers vital steps involved in respiration and the exchange of gases.
